Effects of predator-induced visual and olfactory cues on 0+ perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) foraging behaviour

Abstract –  Foraging juvenile fish with relatively high food demands are usually vulnerable to various aquatic and avian predators. To compromise between foraging and antipredator activity, they need exact and reliable information about current predation risk. Among direct predator-induced cues, visual and olfactory signals are considered to be most important. Food intake rates and prey-size selectivity of laboratory-reared, naive young-of-the-year (YOY) perch, Perca fluviatilis , were studied in experiments with Daphnia magna of two size classes: 2.8 and 1.3 mm as prey and northern pike, Esox lucius , as predator. Neither total intake rate nor prey-size selectivity was modified by predator kairomones alone (water from an aquarium with a pike was pumped into the test aquaria) under daylight conditions. Visual presentation of pike reduced total food intake by perch. This effect was significantly more pronounced (synergistic) when visual and olfactory cues were presented simultaneously to foraging perch. Moreover, the combination of cues caused a significant shift in prey-size selection, expressed as a reduced proportion of large prey in the diet. Our observations demonstrate that predator-induced olfactory cues alone are less important modifiers of the feeding behaviour of naive YOY perch than visual cues under daylight conditions. However, pike odour acts as a modulatory stimulus enhancing the effects of visual cues, which trigger an innate response in perch.     

The Effect of Detopping the Field Bean Plants (Vicia faba L. minor) and Lack of the Pod Setting on the Symbiosis with Root Nodule Bacteria

The plants of field bean var. Nadwiślaνski were detopped after about 1 month since the beginning of flowering and after that all flower buds were removed from some plants. The effect of a change in the trophic balance on the setting and subsequent growth of root nodules was studied.
The removal of pods had the greater effect on the increase in the weight of the remaining organs than the detopping of plants. Detopping retarded the ageing of the plants and delayed the phase of the greatest reduction of the number of pods. The detopping of plants revealed their considerable compensative possibilities in terms of production of the pod weight and the potential of leaves for biomass production. The data obtained indicate that plant detopping may disturb the root–bacteria exchange of signals, necessary to initiate the nodule development, while the further growth of nodules depends, above all, on the amount of available photosynthates.
A very high correlation between the dry weight of the whole plant to the dry weight of leaves ratio and the weight of nodules was observed. It proves the importance of the trophic balance of the plant for the root nodule weight production.     

梅州市五华县石灰岩矿区土壤铅污染现状研究及改良对策

对梅州市五华县几个石灰岩矿区周边土壤中铅含量进行了测定，结果表明，污染土壤的铅含量远远超出了国家土壤环境质量三级标准（对土壤生态环境产生影响的最低浓度值），对生态产生影响。根据内梅罗污染指数评定得出，矿区土壤铅污染达到重污染的程度。提出了减轻铅污染对生态环境危害的控制污染源措施和改良对策。     

亚麻细菌病发生及防治技术研究

从亚麻细菌病的发生、发展、危害及病原茵特性到病害综合防治，进行了系统研究，明确了该病的发生与品种抗性、耕作栽培等诸方面的关系，为病害防治提供了理论依据；明确了种子带茵是该病害主要侵染源和传播途径，同时建立综合防病体系。     

根际生命共同体：协调资源、环境和粮食安全的学术思路与交叉创新

植物营养学研究近年来在植物养分高效分子机理、植物-微生物互作、根际互作与微生态调控、农田养分管理等研究领域取得了一系列原创性进展。然而,当前如何协调粮食安全、资源高效和环境可持续性仍面临巨大挑战。针对这一重大问题,本文提出"根际生命共同体(Rhizobiont)"学术思路,围绕"根际互作与养分高效"这一重大科学命题,构建"植物-根系-根际-菌丝际-土体及其微生物"根际生命共同体理论体系,突破植物-微生物、微生物-微生物关键界面互作机制,阐明根际生命共同体结构、功能及其在养分活化、吸收与利用中的作用机制,建立共同体多界面互作增效的生物学调控新途径,开辟植物-土壤-微生物交叉创新领域,根际生命共同体理论创新有助于破解粮食安全、资源高效、环境保护多目标协同的难题,支撑我国农业绿色发展。文章指出了根际生命共同体与养分高效研究的重点方向与内容,尤其是深入揭示和调控植物第二基因组——微生物组的作用正成为农业科学的研究前沿。     

一株克氏原螯虾病原——霍乱弧菌的分离鉴定

从尾扇边缘溃烂的克氏原螯虾中分离到一株优势菌LK-18,并对该菌株进行种属鉴定和致病性分析。通过菌落形态观察、16S rRNA测序、血清型分析及基因特性鉴定对细菌的类别进行初步判断,并采用浸泡感染、肌肉注射和腹腔注射等方式进行人工感染实验对细菌的致病性进行评估。经16S rRNA测序分析和4个管家基因（atpA、pyrH、recA、gyrB）串联分析,该菌株最终被鉴定并命名为Vibrio cholerae LK-18。V. cholerae LK-18经PCR鉴定不属于O1和O139血清型,但含hly毒力基因和几丁质分解相关的几丁质酶（chitinase,Chi）基因。人工感染实验虽未能重现烂尾症状,但从克氏原螯虾烂尾组织中分离的V. cholerae LK-18具有致病性,能够引起克氏原螯虾的死亡。研究结果表明霍乱弧菌LK-18是一种致病菌,不仅扩大了非O1/O139群霍乱弧菌的感染宿主范围,同时预警霍乱弧菌有导致克氏原螯虾养殖业暴发疾病的可能,因此要提前做好该疾病的预防工作,从而避免霍乱弧菌感染带来的损失。     

永丰县木本粮食植物资源

介绍永丰县山林中木本粮食植物资源。     

Continuous Production of Biogenic Magnetite Nanoparticles by the Marine Bacterium Magnetovibrio blakemorei Strain MV-1T with a Nitrous Oxide Injection Strategy

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) produce magnetosomes, which are membrane-embedded magnetic nanoparticles. Despite their technological applicability, the production of magnetite magnetosomes depends on the cultivation of MTB, which results in low yields. Thus, strategies for the large-scale cultivation of MTB need to be improved. Here, we describe a new approach for bioreactor cultivation of Magnetovibrio blakemorei strain MV-1^T. Firstly, a fed-batch with a supplementation of iron source and N₂O injection in 24-h pulses was established. After 120 h of cultivation, the production of magnetite reached 24.5 mg∙L⁻¹. The maximum productivity (16.8 mg∙L⁻¹∙day⁻¹) was reached between 48 and 72 h. However, the productivity and mean number of magnetosomes per cell decreased after 72 h. Therefore, continuous culture in the chemostat was established. In the continuous process, magnetite production and productivity were 27.1 mg∙L⁻¹ and 22.7 mg∙L⁻¹∙day⁻¹, respectively, at 120 h. This new approach prevented a decrease in magnetite production in comparison to the fed-batch strategy.     

基于强化推流工艺(PFR)的餐厨垃圾堆肥微生物群落结构解析

传统餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥周期长,系统难以稳定连续运行,其中反应器构型和微生物在其处理过程中起到关键作用,但是目前对实际运行条件下的反应器内微生物群落结构的研究较少。通过分析实际运行项目中微生物的多样性与群落结构,为进一步优化餐厨垃圾处理工艺,促进PFR反应器系统的稳定和高效运行,挖掘特定功能微生物,提高资源利用效率提供科学依据。该研究采集德清县11个项目的出料样品,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,研究其菌群组成、丰度、优势菌群及其相关性。结果表明:1)11个项目的微生物群落组成相似,其中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是相对丰度最高的2个菌门,优势菌属为微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium)乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus),柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter),不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和假单胞菌(Pseudomonas); 2)底物越丰富,进料量越小,越有利于出料的品质; 3)出料感官品质高,微生物多样性也较高; 4)在OTU水平上,葡萄球菌属与芽孢杆菌属、根瘤菌属均呈负相关,葡萄球菌的迅速增殖抑制了对发酵...