Effect of nitrogen application during ripening period on photosynthesis and dry matter production and its impact on yield and yield components of semidwarf iniica rice varieties under water culture conditions

Abstract

A water culture pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of N application during the ripening period (RP) on photosynthesis, dry matter production, and its impact on grain ripening and yield in two semidwarf indica type varieties viz. Gui Zhao 2 (GZ) and BR3 (BR) compared with a japonica type variety Koganemasari (KO) under four N rates viz. 0 (N₀), 10 (N₁₀), 20 (N₂₀), and 40 (N₄₀) mg L^?1. Results showed that N application enabled to maintain a higher leaf area and delay leaf senescence in both indica and japonica type varieties but the decrease in the rate, of leaf area was higher in the former than in the latter and the rate was reduced with increasing N rates. Flag leaf photosynthesis and SPAD values of N treated plants were higher throughout the RP, showing the presence of a significant correlation either for each variety or all the varieties together. Higher photosynthetic rate was supported by higher leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value basis) content, stomatai conductance, and N concentration in leaf blades. Top dry matter content increased with increasing N rates mainly due to mean leaf area rather than NAR except for BR during RP but it was higher in KO than in GZ and BR. Reduction of shoot weight due to translocation of dry matter to panicles during RP was suppressed by N rates both in GZ and BR while shoot weight increased in the N-treated plants in KO. The dependency of KO on current photosynthates for panicle weight was found to be almost hundred percent while the contribution of stored carbohydrates in shoot before heading to panicle weight in GZ and BR was in the range of 4-27 and 33-54%, respectively and the rest was contributed by current photosynthates. The percentage increased with increasing N rates. Percentage of ripened grains (PRG) increased with increasing N rates in GZ and BR due to the increase in dry matter production and in the photosynthetic rates of apex leaves, despite the larger spikelet number and larger hull size. However, KO showed almost no variation although it had the highest PRG among the varieties. Brown rice yield followed the same pattern as that of PRG in GZ and BR and the highest yield was produced by BR followed by GZ and KO. These results suggest that N application during RP was more effective in increasing yield in the semidwarf indica type varieties than in the japonica type variety.     

头季稻剑叶同化产物分配与再生稻产量的关系

以4个品种(组合)为材料,研究了头季稻剑叶同化产物的分配与再生稻产量的相关关系.结果表明:(1)约70%～75%的剑叶14C同化产物进入到了穗部,25%～30%残留在剑叶和茎鞘中;(2)约65%～80%的剑叶同化产物分配在倒一和倒二节间;(3)同化产物在穗部的分配比例与再生稻产量及所有的产量构成因子均呈负相关,同化产物在茎鞘、剑叶及其他叶片的分配比例与再生稻产量及所有的产量构成因子均呈正相关;(4)各节间的同化产物分配比例与再生稻相应节位产量呈显著正相关关系.     

前氮后移施肥对冬小麦旗叶活性氧代谢和子粒产量的影响

１９９４－１９９６年高产冬小麦前氮后移施肥方式的产量效应和生理变化进行了研究。结果表明，采用此施肥方式可以减缓旗叶中超氧化物歧化酶活性下降和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量的积累，减少超氧阴离子的产生，提高旗叶片的叶绿素和蛋白质含量，延缓叶片衰老，显著增加穗粒重和产量。     

穗肥施氮量对水稻剑叶生长及披垂的影响

以两优培九和国稻6号为材料,研究了水稻穗肥不同施氮量(0、45、90、135和180 kg/hm2)对剑叶生长和披垂程度的影响。结果表明,随着穗分化期施氮量的增加,水稻剑叶的长、宽和长宽比均相应增加,施氮对剑叶长度的影响大于叶宽。田间调查分析表明,剑叶长度与叶片披垂程度呈正相关。穗分化期增加施氮量,挺直叶片的比例下降,而披垂叶和极披叶的比例明显上升,剑叶的披垂系数也增加。国稻6号叶片披垂程度比两优培九大。     

杂交水稻制种中两段育秧和不割叶技术探讨

采用两段育秧和不割剑叶技术制种,能较大幅度地提高制种产量。父本分两段育秧穗多穗大,增加颖花数和花粉量,提高异交结实率;母本稀播,适龄大秧移栽,肥料一次性施入,早追肥一次,适时适量地喷施“九二0”,控制剑叶长度,避免剑叶对授粉的障碍,从而无须割叶,有利提高千粒重。     

水稻剑叶叶源量及其与产量性状关系的研究

对10个水稻品种剑叶叶源量及其与产量性状的关系进行了研究，结果表明，水稻剑叶叶源量与单株产量，单穗重及每穗实粒数均呈极显正相关，通径分析进一步说明，光合功能期对叶源量的直接效应最大，其次为瞬时光合速率，叶面积的效 最小，结果还表明，剑叶叶源量在水稻品种间存在极显差异，说明利用这种遗传差异通过育种手段选育源量大的品种是可行的，品种内叶源量存在一定程度的变异，其变异系数为6．19－17．34％，表明可以通过栽培措施调节叶源量。     

高温胁迫对不同小麦品种光合性能的影响

选用不同品种小麦(弱春性品种淮麦30、半春性品种郑麦9023和半冬性品种烟农19),研究花后7d和花后15d高温对旗叶光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明,花后7～9d (T1)高温24 ℃/34℃(夜/昼)处理后,烟农19的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(G0、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qn)和光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)非循环光合电子传递速率(ETR)显著高于淮麦30和郑麦9023;郑麦9023的Pn、Ci和Fo显著高于淮麦30,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)显著高于烟农19;淮麦30的Ci、qp和qn显著高于郑麦9023.花后15d高温26 ℃/36℃(夜/昼)处理后,烟农19的Pn、Gs、Ci、Fv/Fm、qP、qn和ETR显著高于淮麦30和郑麦9023;郑麦9023的Pn、Gs、G、Fv/Fm、qP和ETR显著高于淮麦30;淮麦30的R显著高于郑麦9023和烟农19.花后7d和花后15d高温胁迫下,半冬性品种烟农19具有较高的光合活性和较强的自我保护机制,春性品种郑麦9023最低.     

氮肥运筹对小麦旗叶光合生理性状调控的研究

研究了大田条件下氮肥运筹对郑麦9023旗叶生理及光合作用的影响。结果表明,等氮量不同追氮时期条件下,以孕穗期追施氮肥(60%)处理的叶绿素和氮含量最高,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性最强,并且该处理旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)较拔节期、返青期追施氮肥及氮肥全部底施处理分别提高了5.8%、17.2%和38.5%。由此可知,小麦生产上少施基肥,中后期适当重施追肥,不仅有助于旗叶叶绿素和氮含量的同步增加及硝酸还原酶(NR)活性的改善,而且有利于叶片净光合速率的提高,防止叶片早衰。