Susceptibilities of some aquatic ferns to paddy herbicide bensulfuron methyl

Paddy herbicides have the potential to cause adverse effects on non-target plants. Susceptibilities of some aquatic ferns ( Azolla japonica Franch. et Savat., Isoetes japonica A. Braun, Marsilea quadrifolia L. and Salvinia natans All.) and duckweeds ( Lemna minor L. and Spirodela polyrhiza Schleid.) to paddy herbicide bensulfuron methyl (BSM) were evaluated with a 20 day exposure experiment using 200 cm² pots. The BSM concentrations in the surface water of monitoring pots with no plants dissipated exponentially with half lives of 3.5 and 3.9 days at application rates of 15 and 150 g ha⁻¹, respectively. The BSM concentrations in the surface water 1 day after application in the culture pots were comparable among plant species, and were lower than those in the monitoring pots. Bensulfuron methyl reduced the plant growth in all species. I . japonica showed the lowest intrinsic relative growth rate (RGR) and the lowest susceptibility with an effective dose resulting in 50% growth inhibition (ED₅₀) of 21 g ha⁻¹. Except for I . japonica , the RGR of the duckweeds was similar to the ferns, and ED₅₀ for the duckweeds was higher than the ferns. ED₅₀ for Sa . natans , A . japonica and M . quadrifolia were 1.1, 1.8 and 1.2 g ha⁻¹, respectively, which were smaller than 1/20 of the recommended field dose (51–75 g ha⁻¹) and ranged from 1/2 to 1/6 of ED₅₀ for L . minor and Sp . polyrhiza (6.5 and 3.2 g ha⁻¹, respectively). These results suggest that BSM application in paddy fields and its runoff in some localities is expected to have adverse effects on the growth of Sa . natans , A . japonica and M . quadrifolia .     

浙江箬寮岘自然保护区观赏蕨类植物资源及利用

据调查和统计,浙江箬寮岘自然保护区具有观赏价值的蕨类植物共有98种,隶属于30科49属。按生态类型可分为5类:陆生蕨类、石生蕨类、附生蕨类、水生蕨类、藤本蕨类。并对各种观赏蕨类植物在园林上的应用进行了分析。     

东莞蕨类植物区系研究

采用野外调查与查阅标本相结合的方法,对东莞蕨类植物区系及其分布特点进行研究,结果表明:东莞市有蕨类植物37科66属125种,其区系特点为:①分布区类型在科、属、种的水平上皆以热带、亚热带性质为主,占各自总数的64.87%、75.76%与61.60%。②科与属的分布区类型显示出东莞蕨类植物区系从热带向亚热带过渡的性质,与温带蕨类植物区系的联系较弱;在种的水平上,温带成分占总数的28.80%,呈现出热带蕨类植物区系向温带蕨类植物区系过渡的特点。③在种的水平上热带亚洲分布及东亚分布类型构成了东莞蕨类植物区系的主体,各占38.40%和20.80%。④与周边4个地区的比较中,与深圳的相似性为最高,与乐昌的相似性为最低;总体上,东莞蕨类植物区系与周围地区关系较为密切。     

皖南山区药用蕨类植物区系研究

通过野外调查和资料整理,皖南山区有药用蕨类植物122种(包括变种和变型),隶属于35科62属。该区药用蕨类植物区系的优势科为水龙骨科、蹄盖蕨科、金星蕨科和鳞毛蕨科。属的地理成分有9种,其中以泛热带分布为主;种的地理成分有11种,其中以中国-日本分布和中国特有分布为主。这122种植物具有多种药用价值,从入药部位看以全草入药类植物最多;其生态类型以土生型为主。     

大石围天坑群区水龙骨科药用蕨类植物的调查研究

为掌握广西壮族自治区乐业县大石围天坑群区水龙骨科药用蕨类植物的资源情况,通过野外实地考察、标本采集、资料查阅及标本鉴定等方法,对该地区水龙骨科药用蕨类植物进行了调查,并对药用蕨类植物的生境及地理分布进行了比较.结果表明,大石围天坑群区共有水龙骨科蕨类植物13属37种,其中具备药用价值的蕨类植物有8属13种.如石韦属有5种,分别为石韦、柔软石韦、相似石韦、光石韦、贴生石韦;瓦韦属有大瓦韦和瓦韦2种;伏石蕨属有伏石蕨;抱树莲属有抱树莲;骨牌蕨属有抱石莲;星蕨属有江南星蕨;水龙骨属有水龙骨;盾蕨属有盾蕨.调查结果显示,大石围天坑群区适合蕨类植物的生长,水龙骨科蕨类植物的资源比较丰富,并且药用蕨类植物的生物活性成分含量较高,具有重要的药用价值.     

广东省中山市药用蕨类植物资源调查

[目的]对广东省中山市药用蕨类植物资源进行调查,为合理开发利用资源、药材鉴别和保证临床用药的安全有效提供科学依据。[方法]根据多次野外实地调查(包括标本的采集、记载、摄影)、查阅文献资料和鉴定整理,对中山市药用蕨类植物的种类组成和药用状况等方面进行了初步调查研究。[结果]中山市现有药用蕨类植物31科44属63种,绝大多数以全草入药,少数以根状茎或孢子入药。[结论]该地区药用蕨类资源丰富,部分种类的蕴藏量较大,但已被开发利用的很少,很多珍稀物种和常用种类有待于进一步研究和开发利用。     

Manipulation of Pinus elliottii Seedling Growth through Regulation of Mineral Nutrient Supply

An N-P-K fertilizer trial with Pinus elliottii was analysed to provide regression equations of height and dry mass on soil nutrient levels. Response surfaces and isoquants were plotted. The technique is used to demonstrate the derivation of fertilizer recommendations for the raising of seedlings to predetermined standards.     

华南蕨类植物区系新资料

报道了产自赣州市的2种江西省新记录蕨类植物:西南凤尾蕨(Pteris wallichiana J.Agardh)、岭南凤尾蕨(Pteris maclurioides Ching);广东省首次详实记录的蕨类植物:台湾毛蕨(Cyclosorus taiwanensis(C.Christensen)H.It)。标本存放于韩山师范学院生物系植物标本室(CZH)。     

Impact of litter quality on mineralization processes in managed and abandoned pasture soils in Southern Ecuador

Tropical regions are currently undergoing remarkable rates of land use change accompanied by altered litter inputs to soil. In vast areas of Southern Ecuador forests are clear cut and converted for use as cattle pastures. Frequently these pasture sites are invaded by bracken fern, when bracken becomes dominant pasture productivity decreases and the sites are abandoned. In the present study implications of invasive bracken on soil biogeochemical properties were investigated. Soil samples (0-5 cm) were taken from an active pasture with Setaria sphacelata as predominant grass and from an abandoned pasture overgrown by bracken. Grass (C₄ plant) and bracken (C₃ plant) litter, differing in C:N ratio (33 and 77, respectively) and lignin content (Klason-lignin: 18% and 45%, respectively), were incubated in soils of their corresponding sites and vice versa for 28 days at 22 °C. Unamended microcosms containing only the respective soil or litter were taken as controls. During incubation the amount of CO₂ and its δ¹³C-signature were determined at different time intervals. Additionally, the soil microbial community structure (PLFA-analysis) as well as the concentrations of KCl-extractable C and N were monitored. The comparison between the control soils of active and abandoned pasture sites showed that the massive displacement of Setaria-grass by bracken after pasture abandonment was characterized by decreased pH values accompanied by decreased amounts of readily available organic carbon and nitrogen, a lower microbial biomass and decreased activity as well as a higher relative abundance of actinomycetes. The δ¹³C-signature of CO₂ indicated a preferential mineralization of grass-derived organic carbon in pasture control soils. In soils amended with grass litter the mineralization of soil organic matter was retarded (negative priming effect) and also a preferential utilization of easily available organic substances derived from the grass litter was evident. Compared to the other treatments, the pasture soil amended with grass litter showed an opposite shift in the microbial community structure towards a lower relative abundance of fungi. After addition of bracken litter to the abandoned pasture soil a positive priming effect seemed to be supported by an N limitation at the end of incubation. This was accompanied by an increase in the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacterial PLFA marker. The differences in litter quality between grass and bracken are important triggers of changes in soil biogeochemical and soil microbial properties after land use conversion.