不同处理对“绿岭”核桃无融合生殖坐果的影响

为探讨不同处理措施对核桃无融合生殖的影响,以"绿岭"核桃为材料,采用聚乙烯醇封柱头后用不同药剂涂抹子房的方法,研究了2,4-D、赤霉素、硼砂及综合处理后"绿岭"核桃的无融合生殖坐果率。结果表明:0.2%的硼砂、30 mg/L的赤霉素、0.3%硼砂+0.3%磷酸二氢钾处理的"绿岭"核桃无融合生殖坐果率分别为88.37%、86.57%、86.27%,均极显著高于对照,分别比对照提高了23.54%、21.74%、21.44%;15 mg/L 2,4-D处理的"绿岭"核桃无融合生殖坐果率为82.50%,显著高于对照,比对照高了17.67%。     

苗期快速分选水稻人工无融合生殖克隆种子

【目的】人工无融合生殖系统的建立为水稻杂种优势固定提供了途径。当前人工无融合生殖系统在产生克隆种子的同时会伴随大量的四倍体种子,有必要开发简易高效的分选克隆种子方法。【方法】通过不同温度、盐浓度处理春优84和MiMe（同时突变PAIR1、REC8和OSD1获得的可将减数分裂转化成有丝分裂的材料）种子萌发的幼苗,观察它们形态学上的差异,确定最佳筛选条件。在最佳条件下,处理Fix材料（通过基因编辑技术同时突变PAIR1、REC8、OSD1和MTL基因获得的可固定杂种优势的材料）种子萌发的幼苗,根据形态差异分选克隆种子。利用流式细胞术确定分选的效率。【结果】无融合生殖材料Fix产生4.4%的克隆种子和95.6%的四倍体材料;而MiMe材料的后代全是四倍体。利用滤网在23℃、28℃和32℃水温条件下萌发春优84和MiMe种子48h,Mi Me材料的初生根直径在3种温度处理下均显著大于春优84,以28℃处理最优。在28℃水温条件下,利用0%、0.05%、0.1%、0.2%和0.5%NaCl溶液培养春优84和MiMe种子7 d,Mi Me材料的根长、苗长与春优84无显著性差异,但春优84材料第1片...     

棉铃虫兼性迁飞的初步研究

本文用吊飞装置测定了棉铃虫成虫不同日龄的飞行能力,测得３日龄雌蛾平均飞行速度为０．９２ｍ／ｓ,平均飞行时间为９．７２±３．６２ｈ,并与其他迁飞性和非迁飞性昆虫作了比较。在实验室条件下研究了温度和食料对生殖前期及繁殖的影响,证实此虫适于迁飞的生理时期较短,最多仅１～２个夜晚。用雌蛾卵巢解剖方法比较了江苏丰县和辽宁朝阳两地二代和三代的虫源性质,分析了两地的发蛾特征。证实朝阳１９９５～１９９６年的二代和部分三代成虫均从外地迁入,但与粘虫不同,迁入种群无突增现象,蛾群稀疏而持续不断。而江苏丰县则在１９９４～１９９６年均无明显迁入现象,以本地虫源为主。讨论了中国棉铃虫的迁飞势能和兼性迁飞的特性。     

木芙蓉的繁育系统及传粉生物学

以木芙蓉为研究材料,运用杂交指数、花粉数/胚珠数、座果率、种子萌发率等指标对木芙蓉的繁育系统及传粉生物学等进行研究。结果表明:木芙蓉单花的花期1 d,整体花期7—11月份;木芙蓉的杂交指数为4,繁育系统为异交、部分自交亲和、需要传粉者;木芙蓉的花粉数/胚珠数为415±11.3,繁育系统属于兼性异交类型;木芙蓉自然座果率为74%;同株同花授粉的座果率为40%;人工异株异花授粉座果率为71%;各种授粉方式下,单个果实的种子个数为128~148,差别不大;各种授粉方式下,平均种子萌发率为47%~60%,没有显著差异;传粉昆虫有蜂类、甲虫,其中中华蜜蜂、黑小蜜蜂为主要传粉昆虫。     

Monosomic addition lines of Beta corolliflora in sugar beet: plant morphology and leaf spot resistance

Monosomic addition lines in Beta vulgaris from Beta corolliflora were described morphologically and characterized for disease resistance. Monosomic addition plants (2n= 19) were selected among segregating offspring by a squash dot technique in combination with B. corolliflora‐specific probes. Plants carrying an added chromosome were characterized by leaf shape, plant size and plant vigour. In this way, most addition lines could be distinguished from diploid beets, however, to identify those plants unequivocally, molecular marker analysis was also necessary. Transmission frequencies of each addition line were determined to be in the range 13.9% (Cor‐4) to 60% (Cor‐9). High transmission rate of addition line Cor‐9 was assumed to be due to apomictic propagation because transmission rate after selfing cannot exceed 50%. Cercospora leaf spot resistance tests were performed on 167 monosomic plants from seven different addition lines, two fragment addition lines and 89 diploid controls. No line exhibited complete resistance, but the monosomic additions Cor‐3 and Cor‐4 showed significantly lower infection rates than their diploid sibling plants. The identification of monosomic addition lines with apomictic and disease resistance characters offers the possibility of transferring those genes to sugar beet.     

Apomictic frequency in sorghum R473

Summary Apomixis has been reported in a few lines of sorghum, among them R473 which was originally reported to be an obligate apomict. Although this line has multiple embryo sacs, the frequency of apomictic seed formation has not been determined because a progeny test has not been possible. R473 does not cross as a female with other lines except when its own pollen is present. In the present study mutations were induced in R473 by hydrazine and irradiation. Crosses were made between male-sterile mutants as females and normal R473 as males. Plants of R473 produced F₁ hybrids sexually, thus indicating that they were not obligate apomicts. These F₁'s also reproduced sexually, as indicated by segregation for male sterility and male fertility in F₂ progenies.     

Growth and Yield Response of Facultative Wheat to Winter Sowing, Freezing Sowing and Spring Sowing at Different Seeding Rates

Growth and yield of wheat are affected by environmental conditions and can be regulated by sowing time and seeding rate. In this study, three sowing times [winter sowing (first week of September), freezing sowing (last week of October) and spring sowing (last week of April)] at seven seeding rates (325, 375, 425, 475, 525, 575 and 625 seeds m^?2) were investigated during the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons, in Erzurum (Turkey) dryland conditions, using Kirik facultative wheat. A split‐plot design was used, with sowing times as main plots and seeding rates randomized as subplots. There was a significant year × sowing time interaction for grain yield and kernels per spike. Winter‐sown wheat produced a significantly higher leaf area index, leaf area duration, spikes per square metre, kernel weight and grain yield than freezing‐ and spring‐sown wheat. The optimum time of sowing was winter for the facultative cv. Kirik. Grain yields at freezing and spring sowing were low, which was largely the result of hastened crop development and high temperatures during and after anthesis. Increasing seeding rate up to 525 seeds m^?2 increased the spikes per square metre at harvest, resulting in increased grain yield. Seeding rate, however, was not as important as sowing time in maximizing grain yield. Changes in spikes per square metre were the major contributors to the grain‐yield differences observed among sowing times and seeding rates. Yield increases from higher seeding rates were greater at freezing and spring sowing. We recommended that a seeding rate of 525 seeds m^?2 be chosen for winter sowing, and 575 seeds m^?2 for freezing and spring sowing.     

Evidence for the facultative intracellular behaviour of the fish pathogen Vibrio ordalii

Vibrio ordalii is an extracellular, Gram‐negative bacterium that produces vibriosis in salmonids. While pathogenesis is not fully understood, this bacterium has numerous likely genes for adhesion, colonization, invasion factors and, as recently suggested, intracellular behaviour. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify possible intracellular behaviour for V. ordalii Vo‐LM‐18 and ATCC 33509^T in the fish‐cell lines SHK‐1 and CHSE‐214. Confocal microscopy revealed Vo‐LM‐18 and ATCC 33509^T inside cytoplasm in both fish‐cell lines at 4 hr post‐inoculation (hpi). At 8 and 16 hpi, the proportion of fish cells invaded by both strains increased. Moreover, intracellular V. ordalii were observed after 8 hpi inside mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), demonstrating that entry was not due to a cellular phagocytosis process. Flow cytometry confirmed immunocytochemistry results, with both V. ordalii evidencing statistically significant differences in the number of infected cells between 8 and 16 hpi. Interestingly, V. ordalii infection did not significantly damage fish cells, as determined by LDH liberation. Viable counts at 8 hpi detected, on average for both lines, 176 ± 47 CFU/ml of culturable intracellular Vo‐LM‐18 and ATCC 33509^T cells. These in vitro findings support the facultative intracellular behaviour of V. ordalii and may be of importance for understanding pathogenicity and survival in aquatic environments.     

兼性互利关系对树冠层活动蚂蚁多样性的影响

[目的]为了探讨紫胶-蚂蚁兼性互利关系对生物多样性保护的作用效果,[方法]于2015年5月和9月,用树栖蚂蚁诱集陷阱在云南省墨江县雅邑镇调查了紫胶-砂仁混合农林系统(样地Ⅰ,从未放过紫胶虫;样地Ⅱ,3年前曾放过紫胶虫但本次实验不放虫;样地Ⅲ,放紫胶虫处理)中钝叶黄檀树冠层活动的蚂蚁群落多样性。[结果](1)样地Ⅰ中采集蚂蚁标本277头,隶属于5亚科11属14种;样地Ⅱ中蚂蚁标本324头,隶属于5亚科12属16种;样地Ⅲ中蚂蚁标本885头,隶属于4亚科17属22种。(2)样地Ⅱ和样地Ⅲ间的物种丰富度差异不显著,而与样地Ⅰ均差异显著;3种样地的相对多度间均差异显著;物种丰富度和相对多度排序均为ⅢⅡⅠ。(3)样地Ⅱ和Ⅲ树冠层蚂蚁群落结构较相似,二者与样地Ⅰ不相似;黑可可臭蚁和平和弓背蚁为3种类型样地中均出现的特征种,物种丰富度排序均为ⅢⅡⅠ,巴瑞弓背蚁是样地Ⅱ和Ⅲ中的特征种,物种丰富度ⅢⅡ,大头蚁属sp.1、横纹齿猛蚁和中华小家蚁则分别为样地Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的特征种。[结论]兼性互利关系对树冠层蚂蚁群落的物种丰富度、相对多度和群落结构具有积极影响,并且其作用效果具有一定的时间和空间尺度。