遗传算法优化超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣总黄酮工艺研究

本文采用一种新型绿色溶剂提取红枣总黄酮,并对其提取工艺进行优化。通过单因素试验探究含水量、超声功率、提取时间、提取温度和料液比对红枣总黄酮得率的影响。在此基础上,采用遗传算法优化超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣总黄酮工艺。结果表明：超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣总黄酮最优的工艺参数为：含水量37%、超声功率167 W、提取时间30 min、提取温度54 ℃和料液比1∶26（g/mL）。在此条件下,所得红枣总黄酮得率为（29.33±0.37）mg/g。试验值和理论值的相对误差为1.24%。表明遗传算法可较好地模拟和预测不同提取条件下红枣总黄酮得率,且优化工艺参数是可行的。研究发现低共熔溶剂可作为一种新型、绿色溶剂用于高效提取红枣总黄酮。[关键词] 遗传算法|红枣|总黄酮|低共熔溶剂|工艺     

Effect of silicon on the eutectic carbides in as-heated M2 high speed steel

The effect of silicon on the eutectic carbides in as-heated M2 high speed steels is investigated by using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray diffraction analysis. The high speed steel ingots with different silicon additions are produced by electroslag remelting process (the mass content of silicon is 0.3%, 0.8%, 1.6% and 2.4%, respectively). The ingots are annealed at 780 ℃ for 10 h and heated at 1 165 ℃ for 2.5 h. The results show that the eutectic carbides distributed in the dendrites with continuous or semi-continuous net-shape in the as-annealed ingots. The eutectic carbides change from lamellar-like M2C to herringbone-like M6C with the increase of silicon content. After 2.5 h heating at 1 165 ℃, the lamellar-like M2C decomposes into granular M6C and MC, and the size of granules in M2 high speed steel ingot with 0.8%Si addition is smaller than that in the 0.3%Si. Whereas herringbone-like M6C is unchanged during heating treatment, and coarse primary blocky carbides which are harmful for properties still exists after the deformation.     

论高铝锌合金的组织形成过程

本文论述了高铝锌合金一次结晶过程中枝晶偏析、非平衡共晶体的形成和包晶反应,固态下的调幅分解和共析转变以及某些合金元素对铸态组织和固态相变的影响。     

鸡蛋清的真空冷冻干燥试验研究

以鸡蛋清为试验材料,用基于电阻法的简易装置测定了其共晶点温度,对其真空冷冻干燥特性和工艺进行了试验,得到其冻干曲线,并对真空冷冻干燥过程中5个重要影响因素(预冻速度、物料厚度、冷阱温度、真空度、物料温度控制)进行了分析总结,为蛋白类物质的真空冷冻干燥工艺设计和过程控制提供了参考。     

天然低共熔溶剂提取杜仲叶绿原酸及其抗氧化活性

以杜仲叶为原料,采用超声波辅助天然低共熔溶剂(NADES)提取杜仲叶绿原酸并考察其抗氧化活性.首先筛选出较优的天然低共熔溶剂体系,然后在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面优化提取工艺,并考察杜仲叶绿原酸的抗氧化活性.研究结果表明:较优的溶剂体系由甜菜碱、L-乳酸与水组成,各组分的物质的量比为1:1:4,低共熔溶剂中水用量为5...     

低共熔离子液体改性木质素-酚醛树脂的热解和热解动力学研究

采用氯化锌/乙酰胺低共熔离子液(DES)处理2种木质素,加水作为反相溶剂得到再生木质素。研究用其替代部分苯酚制备木质素改性酚醛树脂(LPF)的基本性能变化,结合热重分析法(TGA)分析树脂的热解特性,引入Flynn-WallOzawa模型量化了树脂的表观活化能。结果表明,经该DES处理前后的磨木木质素和酶解木质素均可在保持树脂基本性能稳定的前提下替代20%苯酚制备LPF。升温速率β影响树脂的热分解过程,4种LPF的初始分解温度、热解过程所需的活化能均高于未改性酚醛树脂(PF),特别是经氯化锌/L酰胺DES处理后的再生磨木木质素改性酚醛树脂(RMLPF),其热降解温度更高,残炭率更多,热解过程所需的活化能比PF高出2~4倍,热稳定性明显提高。     

荔枝真空冷冻干燥关键技术

为了确定荔枝真空冷冻干燥工艺关键技术参数,以成熟的‘乌叶’荔枝为材料,采用电阻法测量荔枝果肉的共晶点和共熔点温度,通过考察冻干品色泽比较不同护色剂的护色效果,以冻干生产能耗、总冻干时间及冻干品外观形态与色泽等指标进行综合评定冻干效果,优选荔枝真空冷冻干燥工艺关键技术参数。结果表明：荔枝真空冷冻干燥物料的共晶点温度、共熔点温度分为-26℃和-17℃,采用“0.6%柠檬酸”单一护色剂或“0.4%柠檬酸+0.2%维生素C”复合护色剂浸泡20 min,对荔枝冻干品有良好护色效果。冻干过程起始板温控制在80℃以下,升华阶段物料最高温度设定为55℃,升降温期干燥仓真空值组合选择60~70 Pa/60~70 Pa,可节省冻干生产能耗、缩短总冻干时间,同时能改善冻干品的外观形态与色泽。     

The Impact of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Extraction Method on the Co-Extraction of Trace Metals from Fucus vesiculosus

In recent years, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have been widely investigated for the extraction of food and medicinal plants as well as seaweeds. However, the ability of NADES for trace elements co-extraction from natural sources is not well investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of common NADES for trace elements co-extraction from Fucus vesiculosus. All of the tested NADES did not recover As and Co (concentration <LOQ). Moreover, all of the tested NADES provided a low recovery (<9%) of Ba, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Sr, and Zn. The method of extraction had not shown a statistically significant effect on the co-extraction of all elements (excluding Ba and Ca). In contrast, the water content in NADES was significantly affected on the recovery of Ba, Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr, and Zn. The recovery of Al and Cr was relatively high and considerably varied (from 1.5 to 59.9%). NADES comprising lactic acid:glucose:H₂O (5:3:1) provided the lowest contents of all elements, and the highest extracted amounts were obtained employing water contents of 60–80%. The calculated daily intake of all the elements contained in NADES extracts were less than the daily dose risk estimators. The hazard quotients, hazard indexes, and carcinogenic risk calculated for all trace elements and their combination were considerably less than 1. This evidences no health risk, and carcinogenic risk after topical application of all studied NADES. For the first time, the results of the current study demonstrated that NADES extracts of F. vesiculosus contain a lower amount of trace metals and are safer than the extracts obtained with water and 70% acetone. This indicates a significant advantage for NADES compared with the other solvents.     

冻干香蕉共晶点和共熔点的研究

采用电阻法测定香蕉冻干过程共晶点温度和共熔点温度,并对香蕉物料的不同成熟度,不同厚度,不同种类香蕉与其共晶点温度、共熔点温度的关系进行试验,结果表明:成熟度为“果柄黄绿色、果皮淡黄色”的香蕉,共晶点温度和共熔点温度分别为-33.5℃和-22.0℃;不同成熟度的香蕉,及不同种类的香蕉,其共晶点温度、共熔点温度有所差别,香蕉成熟度越高,共晶点温度越低,共熔点温度越高;粉蕉的共晶点温度低于香蕉,而共熔点温度高于香蕉;香蕉物料的厚度对共晶点温度和共熔点温度的影响不大。