Infection process of Rhizoctonia solani on Solanum tuberosum and effects of granular nematicides

The infection process ofRhizoctonia solani AG-3 was studied on potato sprouts, cv. Bintje, in growth chamber trials at 15 °C. Initially hyphae ofR. solani grew predominantly in the longitudinal direction of the sprouts (runner hyphae). They tended to follow the junctions between epidermis cells as was observed by SEM. The hyphae formed side-branches mainly half-way of the subterranean parts of the sprouts. They branched several times with short swollen cells to form infection cushions. Lesions developed only underneath the infection cushions and were first observed five days after inoculation. The necrotic area was proportional to the area covered with infection cushions on the sprouts. Depth of the lesions could extend up to the vascular bundle. Sprouts were colonized only in healthy tissue in the epidermal layer underneath the infection cushion and in necrotic tissue. A few days after appearance of the lesions,R. solani formed brown, uninfective mycelium on and in the circumference of these lesions.Aldicarb did not influence any part of the infection process. Ethoprophos delayed the emergence of sprouts, but increased the number of sprouts per tuber. As soon as sprouts had emerged, growth was considerably promoted by ethoprophos. Ethoprophos delayed the appearance of lesions and reduced their size. Oxamyl showed the same effects to a smaller extent.As the size of lesions appears to be proportional to the size of the infection cushions, any agents that change the size of the infection cushions, such as pesticides or antagonists, may alter the severity of the disease.Samenvatting Het infectieproces vanRhizoctonia solani AG-3 werd bestudeerd op aardappelspruiten, cv. Bintje, in een klimaatcel bij 15C. Aanvankelijk groeide de schimmel met runnerhyfen voornamelijk in de lengterichting van de spruit. Via SEM kon waargenomen worden, dat de hyfen hierbij vooral over de begrenzingen van de epidermiscellen groeiden. Het mycelium vormde veel zijvertakkingen, bestaande uit iets gezwollen korte cellen, welke voornamelijk halverwege op het ondergrondse deel van de spruit gevormd werden. Een dichte massa van deze cellen vormde een infectiekussentje. Lesies, welke vanaf vijf dagen na inoculatie werden waargenomen, bevonden zich slechts onder spruitoppervlak bezet met infectiekussentjes. De lesiegrootte was recht evenredig met het spruitoppervlak dat bezet was met infectiekussentjes. De diepte van de lesies reikte tot aan de vaatbundels. De spruit werd alleen door de schimmel gekoloniseerd in gezond epidermisweefsel onder het infectiekussentje en in necrotisch weefsel. Enkele dagen na verschijning van lesies vormde R.solani bruin, niet infectieus, mycelium op en rondom de lesies.Aldicarb had geen effect op het infectieproces. Ethoprophos vertraagde de opkomst en verhoogde het aantal tot ontwikkeling gekomen spruiten per knol in gestoomd zand. Direct na opkomst had ethoprophos echter een sterk groeistimulerend effect. Ethoprophos vertraagde de lesievorming en reduceerde de lesiegrootte, vergeleken met onbehandelde planten. Oxamyl vertoonde deze effecten in geringere mate.Daar de lesiegrootte direct gecorreleerd blijkt met de grootte van het infectiekussentje, mag verwacht worden dat elke beïnvloeding van de ontwikkeling van het mycelium van R.solani, bijvoorbeeld door pesticiden of antagonisten, een verandering van de lesiegrootte ten gevolge heeft.     

粮谷中丙线磷残留分析方法

对粮谷中丙线磷残留量的检测，采用新法以甲醇提取样品，经液液萃取净化后，再以气相色谱／氮磷检测器测定，测定低限为０．００５μg/ml的浓度范围内，标准曲线呈良好的线性关系γ＝０．９９６，变异系数为５．８％－７．８％，回收率为７２．０％－１００．２％。取代了常规法的繁锁操作程序，使操作步骤更加简便，分析速度快且灵敏度高，适用范围广。     

环境条件和微生物对灭线磷降解的影响

环境条件和微生物影响灭线磷在土壤中的降解。随着土壤含水量和温度的增加,灭线磷的降解速度加快;微生物对灭线磷的降解有显著影响,30℃、含水量为40%条件下,未灭菌土中灭线磷的半衰期为16.6 d,灭菌土中灭线磷的半衰期为31.6 d;有机质对灭线磷的降解也有显著影响,有机质含量高,有利于灭线磷的降解;灭线磷在碱性土壤中的降解快于在酸性土壤中;30℃、含水量为40%条件下,灭线磷在3种土壤中的降解速度为:东北黑土＞广东红土＞山东砂壤土。     

灭线磷降解菌DS-1在土壤中的定殖及对常用杀菌剂的敏感性

测定了3种灭线磷降解菌的降解能力,结果表明,三株能够较好降解灭线磷的细菌DS-1、F2和G2中,DS-1对灭线磷的降解效果最好,采用平板计数法对DS-1田间定殖及灭线磷降解实验的研究表明,土壤接菌14d后DS-1的生长达到最高峰,随后逐渐衰退,加灭线磷的处理DS-1菌数量明显高于其他不加灭线磷的处理,说明DS-1主要利用灭线磷生长;DS-1对灭线磷的降解实验表明,加DS-1菌液的灭菌土中灭线磷的降解率高于同样条件下的非灭菌土中灭线磷的降解率,加菌液的灭线磷的降解率高于不加菌液的灭线磷的降解率,说明灭线磷的降解主要依靠DS-1。田间常用杀菌剂对灭线磷降解菌DS-1的生长及灭线磷降解的影响研究表明,保护性杀菌剂对DS-1的生长以及灭线磷的降解影响较大,内吸性杀菌剂对两者的影响较小。     

Effect of crop rotation,cultivar and nematicide on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in short rotations on a marine clay soil

Summary The effects of cropping frequency on the yield of potato and on the development of soil-borne diseases was studied from 1979 to 1985 in a crop rotation experiment on a marine clay soil. Tuber yield decreased markedly with increasing cropping frequency. The yield of cv. Hertha was reduced by 27% in continuous cropping and by 15% in a wheat/potato or sugar beet/potato rotation, when compared with the rotation wheat/sugar beet/oats/potato. However, a pot experiment showed that yield depression in continuous cropping depended on the cultivar used. Crop growth declined in the second part of the growing season, and senescence accelerated as the cropping frequency increased.Verticillium dahliae was the most important yield-reducing factor. Root infection by this fungus was stimulated by the root-lesion nematodePratylenchus neglectus.     

番茄和土壤中灭线磷的残留动态研究

采用盆栽法研究了灭线磷在土壤、番茄植株和果实中的残留动态。结果表明剂型不同,灭线磷的降解速度不一样,乳油型灭线磷的降解速度高于颗粒剂型灭线磷。10％灭线磷颗粒剂在用量分别为60,120kg／hm^2时其在土壤中的半衰期分别为22．4,23．6d,在植株中的半衰期分别为4．7,3．9d;40％灭线磷乳油用量为15L/hm^2时,其在土壤、植株中的半衰期分别为13．8,3．9d。番茄收获（间隔97d）时,果实和植株中均无灭线磷残留检出。     

灭线磷在水稻上的降解动态和残留分析

采用气相色谱法研究w(灭线磷)=10%GR(颗粒剂)在广东省、湖北省两地水稻植株的降解动态和植株、稻米和米糠中最终残留量。结果表明,灭线磷在水稻植株、稻米和米糠中的添加回收率分别为82.60%～92.24%,83.29%～91.60%和83.74%～90.57%。灭线磷在植株中降解动态符合一级动力学指数模型,在广东省和湖北省水稻植株茎叶的半衰期分别为6.01d和5.91d。w(灭线磷)=10%GR以有效成分2700g/hm2和1800g/hm2两个剂量施药后,在广东省和湖北省两地水稻植株中均未检出灭线磷;以有效成分2700g/hm2剂量施药后,广东省和湖北省两地稻米中的灭线磷的残留量分别为0.0047mg/kg和0.0041mg/kg,而以有效成分1800g/hm2剂量施药后,广东省和湖北省两地稻米中均没有检测出灭线磷;以有效成分2700g/hm2和1800g/hm2两个剂量施药后,广东省的米糠中均未检测出灭线磷。     

Application of the pesticide transport assessment model to a field study in a humic sandy soil in Vredepeel,The Netherlands

The Pesticide Transport Assessment model (PESTRAS) is a process-oriented model to simulate the fate and movement of water and pesticides in a cropped field soil. The model was evaluated using field data for bromide, ethoprophos and bentazone, collected from a field experiment in a humic sandy soil near Vredepeel, the Netherlands. Model predictions were generally within the 95% confidence intervals of the observations when site-specific model inputs were used. If generic parameter values were used, the model predictions sometimes deviated strongly from the observed data. This was especially true for pesticide degradation properties. The bromide simulations showed that preferential flow was not an important process for this field soil. A significant fraction of the applied ethoprophos disappeared by surface volatilization. The downward movement of this pesticide was slightly overestimated, due to not considering sorption kinetics. The depth-dependence of pesticide transformation was atypical: an important fraction of the applied bentazone was transformed under micro-aerobic to anaerobic conditions in the subsoil. © 1998 SCI     

Aspects of the enhanced biodegradation and metabolism of ethoprophos in soil

Enhanced biodegradation of ethoprophos was evident in a soil from a previously treated field in Northern Greece. However, enhanced biodegradation was specific to ethoprophos and there was no cross‐enhancement leading to rapid degradation for any of the other organophosphorus (cadusafos, fenamiphos, fonofos, isazofos) or carbamate (aldicarb, oxamyl) nematicides registered in Greece for the control of potato cyst nematodes. Studies with radio‐labelled ethoprophos showed that the adapted microflora in the soil from the previously treated field was able to degrade [propyl‐1‐¹⁴C]ethoprophos rapidly and mineralized about 60% of the initially applied nematicide. When [ethyl‐1‐¹⁴C] ethoprophos was applied, the reduction in extractable radioactivity in the previously treated soil was coupled with evolution of lower amounts of [¹⁴C] carbon dioxide and was similar to the amounts produced from the previously untreated soils. It is suggested that degradation of ethoprophos in the soil from the previously treated field proceeds via hydrolysis of the P‐S bond in the ‐S‐propyl moiety of the ethoprophos molecule, which is then further mineralized by the adapted micro‐organisms. Enhanced biodegradation of ethoprophos in this specific previously treated soil in Northern Greece and under the local environmental conditions was still evident two years after the last ethoprophos field application. It appears that, once established, enhanced biodegradation of ethoprophos can be quite stable. A possible solution to this problem might be the introduction of a rotation scheme where other nematicides like fenamiphos, cadusafos, aldicarb or oxamyl are used as alternatives with ethoprophos application restricted to only once every three or four years. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry