核桃细菌性疫病菌特性及其与核桃内生菌的竞争作用

为了明确本实验室前期分离得到的一株核桃细菌性疫病菌Xaj DW3F3的相关特性及其与寄主内生菌的竞争能力。对该病原细菌进行了显微观察、生物膜形成测定,不同培养基上多糖和色素含量,以及18项生理生化指标测定。通过毛细管法和滴落法观察其趋化作用,并测试其与寄主内生菌的竞争能力。结果表明,病原菌DW3F3为杆状、极生鞭毛、有运动性并能形成生物膜。其在YPGA、King’B 和NA培养基上生长较好,产生多糖和色素较多。病原菌有较强的耐盐性,致死温度达60℃,对纤维素和淀粉都有较强的分解能力,对NaCl和寄主叶片表现出一定的趋性。在其与核桃叶部内生菌的共培养中表现出一定竞争优势。该病菌菌DW3F3有树生黄单胞菌核桃致病变种（Xanthomonas arboricola pv.juglandis,Xaj）的基本特征及致病相关特性,这些特征可能与其致病性强及病害难以控制有关。     

Fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 enriches the diversity of nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut

Previously, the application of the fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 exhibited notable effect in alleviating soil obstacles caused by continuous cropping of peanut. It was supposed that P. liquidambari B3 could enhance the efficiency of nodulation and nitrogen fixation by enriching the diversity of nodular endophytic bacteria under continous monocropping system. To verify this hypothesis, a pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions. Four treatments were set as follow: discontinuous cropping soil (NS), continuous cropping soil (CK), continuous cropping soil inoculate with actived P. liquidambari B3 (CSB3), and continuous cropping soil inoculate with sterilized P. liquidambari B3 (CSIB3). As a result, a total of 120 isolates were obtained. Our study clearly declared that the addition of fungal endophyte effectively enriched the genetic diversity and the community composition in CSB3. In contrast, a low genetic diversity level and simplex community structure were exhibited in CK and CSIB3. Meanwhile, the positive percentage rate and corresponding community composition of the plant growth-promoting isolates in NS and CSB3 were larger and more abundant than the other. This is the first time to describe the effects of fungal endophytes on the diversity of the nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut.     

Root‐associated microbes in sustainable agriculture: models,metabolites and mechanisms

Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928 and throughout the ‘age of antibiotics’ from the 1940s until the 1980s, the detection of novel antibiotics was restricted by lack of knowledge about the distribution and ecology of antibiotic producers in nature. The discovery that a phenazine compound produced by Pseudomonas bacteria could suppress soilborne plant pathogens, and its recovery from rhizosphere soil in 1990, provided the first incontrovertible evidence that natural metabolites could control plant pathogens in the environment and opened a new era in biological control by root‐associated rhizobacteria. More recently, the advent of genomics, the availability of highly sensitive bioanalytical instrumentation, and the discovery of protective endophytes have accelerated progress toward overcoming many of the impediments that until now have limited the exploitation of beneficial plant‐associated microbes to enhance agricultural sustainability. Here, we present key developments that have established the importance of these microbes in the control of pathogens, discuss concepts resulting from the exploration of classical model systems, and highlight advances emerging from ongoing investigations. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

野生黄花美冠兰根部内生真菌多样性研究

以海南省白沙县野生黄花美冠兰（Eulophia flava）作为试验材料,采用培养基培养方法分离、纯化并鉴定真菌,研究不同生境下黄花美冠兰植株根部的内生真菌群落多样性及其受生境的影响程度。结果表明,从丛生于甘蔗林和荒山中的黄花美冠兰植株新鲜营养根段中共分离出52株内生真菌,鉴定为17个属,丝核菌属（Rhizoctonia,13．46％）和镰刀菌属（Fusarium,13．46％）为优势属。相同生境的黄花美冠兰内生真菌群落丰富度较为一致;而两种不同生境中的黄花美冠兰内生真菌群落丰富度则表现出较大的差异,生于荒山的黄花美冠兰内生真菌群落Shannon多样性指数远高于生于甘蔗林的,可认为黄花美冠兰内生真菌多样性受生境的影响较大。     

西藏低温放线菌的多样性及其生物活性

【目的】研究西藏低温环境下放线菌的组成及其抑菌效果和酶活性,为放线菌新药物先导化合物和高活性酶的筛选提供资源。【方法】从西藏低温地区采集16份土样,用平板稀释法分离放线菌,经形态学和培养特征初步鉴定后得到有代表性的低温放线菌,对这些代表性菌株的16S rRNA基因序列进行系统发育分析,对其进行鉴定;采用菌丝生长速率法测定代表性低温放线菌菌株发酵液对11种农作物真菌的抑菌活性,并对其纤维素酶、蛋白酶、淀粉酶等活性进行测定。【结果】从16份土样中共分离到22株有代表性的低温放线菌,其在10~25℃均能生长。16S rRNA基因序列分析表明,这22株菌分布于放线菌门放线菌纲2个亚目3个科的3个属,即链霉菌亚目(Streptomycineae)链霉菌科(Streptomycetaceae)链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、假诺卡氏亚目(Pseudonocardineae)束丝放线菌科(Actinosynnemataceae)伦茨氏菌属(Lentzea)和假诺卡氏亚目(Pseudonocardineae)假诺卡氏菌科(Pseudonocardiaceae)拟无支酸菌属(Amycolatopsis),其中以链霉菌属最多,占分离菌的91%。在分离的22株代表性低温放线菌菌株中,27.3%的菌株有抑菌活性;40.9%的菌株具有纤维素酶活性,22.7%的菌株具有淀粉酶活性,18.2%的菌株具有蛋白酶活性。【结论】西藏低温生境中蕴藏着丰富的低温放线菌资源,其中一些菌株具有拮抗活性和酶活性。     

疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis次级代谢产物分析

为阐明疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis次级代谢产物的化学组成,为其生物活性研究和开发利用提供依据,以本实验室保存的疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis为研究菌株,采用察氏液体培养基对该菌发酵培养30d,收集菌丝体和发酵液,按照植物化学成分传统预试方法进行预试。在此基础上用不同极性有机溶剂梯度萃取得到菌丝体和发酵液石油醚相、氯仿相、乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相,经薄层色谱检测及气相检测方法对其次级代谢产物进行初步分析。系统预试表明,Undifilum oxytropis发酵产物中含有生物碱、蛋白质、酚类与鞣质、黄酮类、醌类、挥发油和油脂等物质;薄层色谱检测发现,Undifilum oxytropis发酵产物中至少含有5种化合物,且菌丝体和发酵液正丁醇相均有苦马豆素及其类似物存在;气相色谱分析Undifilum oxytropis发酵液中苦马豆素含量为5.17×10~(-3)g/L。疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis发酵产物含有苦马豆素等多种次级代谢产物。     

Endophytic-Host Selectivity of Discula umbrinella on Quercus alba and Quercus rubra Characterized by Infection, Pathogenicity and Mycelial Compatibility

The fungal endophytic–host relationships of Discula umbrinella and two oak species, Quercus alba and Quercus rubra, were characterized on the basis of endophytic infection, pathogenicity, and mycelial compatibility. Isolates of D. umbrinella were cultured from leaves of Q. alba and Q. rubra collected from a hardwood forest located in Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, Maryland, USA. Endophytic infection was observed on sterile leaf discs and living 2-month-old seedlings of Q. alba and Q. rubra. Fungal-host reciprocal inoculations revealed the presence of conidiomata on both hosts but conidiomata production was more abundant on Q. alba. Isolates from Q. rubra produced milder disease symptoms on both oak species. Mycelial compatibility studies identified seven different MCG groups. MCG groups 1–3 contained isolates from both oak species whereas MCG groups 4–7 contained host specific isolates. Field studies monitored the seasonal appearance of the sexual fruiting structures, perithecia, as a possible source of new genetic variation that might alter host specificity/pathogenicity of the D. umbrinella isolates on Q. alba and Q. rubra hosts. Only 1–2% of the leaves contained perithecia throughout the sampling period (April–September). Isolates collected from Q. alba differed from those collected from Q. rubra in endophytic infection, pathogenic response, and perithecia production. The results of this study suggest that the endophyte–host relationship is one of host selective preference for Q. alba, but that the endophyte has the ability to maintain the endophytic/pathogenic life cycle on the less preferred host species, Q. rubra.     

河南省小麦根、茎部内生真菌多样性及平板拮抗活性研究

To investigate the community composition and diversity of fungal endophytes in wheat roots and stems from different soil types in Henan Province, tissue isolation method was used to isolate and purify endophytic fungi from wheat plants collected from 22 counties/districts in five soil types, and the identification of the fungal endophytes fungi was based on morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence. The community composition and diversity of endophytic fungi were analyzed. The results showed that 426 endophytic fungi were affiliated with 23 genera, among which Chaetomium spp. had the highest number accounting for 23.2% of the total strain number, followed by Penicillium spp.. Five strains were tested for the antifungal activity against both Rhizoctonia Cerealis and Fusarium pseudograminearums on plate, and their inhibition rates against R. Cerealis ranged from 44.8% to 70.5% (zone widths 2.00~9.67 mm)while from 35.4% to 49.3% (zone widths 3.67~6.67 mm) against F. pseudograminearum. This paper clarifies the major taxa and their diversity of fungal endophytes in the roots and stems of wheat in different soil types in Henan Province, and their inhibitory effects on soil-borne fungi, providing a basis for the biological control of sharp eyespot and crown rot of wheat.     

新疆沙漠放线菌XSS040811菌株抗生素合成条件

放线菌XSS040811菌株是从新疆吐鲁番鄯善县沙漠中采集的样品中分离获得的,该菌株能产生抗菌活性较高的抗生素,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、黄曲霉具有不同程度的抑制作用;优化发酵培养基,发酵时间、pH条件对放线菌XSS040811菌株合成抗生素的影响。结果表明:发酵培养基A、发酵时间96 h、发酵温度30~35℃,pH值7.2~8.0为抗生素合成的最佳条件。根据该菌株在高氏I号和燕麦粉培养基上的生长特性、菌落和形态特征,初步鉴定为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)。     

委内瑞拉链霉菌RL-2活性产物对植物病原真菌的抑制作用及其作用机制

为了探明委内瑞拉链霉菌RL-2在植物病害生物防治中的应用价值,在离体条件下采用生长速率法、活体条件下采用盆栽法研究了RL-2活性产物对多种植物病原真菌的抑制作用。结果表明:在离体条件下,RL-2活性产物对供试的7种病原真菌均有较强的抑制作用,其中对稻瘟病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50为5.35mg/L;在活体条件下,不仅能阻止专性寄生的黄瓜霜霉病病原菌菌丝入侵,而且对已侵入的菌丝有很好的治疗效果。电镜观察结果显示,RL-2活性产物强烈抑制病原菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发,引起菌丝膨大和畸形、孢子萌发率降低、萌发孢子芽管畸形。此外,经RL-2活性物质处理的病原菌接种寄主植物后,其致病性减弱、病斑扩展减慢。