牛(牦牛)内寄生虫感染情况的调查及亚东璃眼蜱生活习性的观察

[目的]调查新疆疫区感染牛(牦牛)的体外寄生虫璃眼蜱优势分布种的生物学特性以及体内寄生虫的种类、感染率及危害.[方法]采用人工饲养蜱虫、寄生虫病病原(粪便)常规检查技术,进行疫区璃眼蜱优势分布种生活习性及牛(牦牛)体内寄生虫病调查.[结果]经过一循环的饲蜱试验观察和形态学鉴定:疫区璃眼蜱的优势分布种为亚东璃眼蜱,经实验室人工饲养,发现其生活史改变,74;(88/119)的幼蜱饱血后未脱落,而是蜕变为若蜱后继续吸血,由三宿主蜱变为了二宿主蜱,以上饱血若蜱蜕变期、蜕变率分别为23～33d(平均26 d)、100;;26; (31/119)的幼蜱正常饱血脱落,吸血期、蜕变期、蜕变率分别为3～9 d(平均5 d)、7～12 d(平均10 d)、83.9;(26/31).若蜱吸血期、蜕变期、蜕变率分别为6～8d(平均7 d)、25～33 d(平均29d)、88.5; (23/26);成蜱吸血期、产卵前期、产卵期、孵化期分别为4、26、20和11d.室内病原学检查结果显示:和静县巴仑台和巴音布鲁克高山草原牦牛体内寄生虫感染率分别为69.05;(29/42)、85.14;(63/74),总感染率为79.31; (92/116),且大多为混合感染,线虫感染率均高于其它寄生虫.[结论]亚东璃眼蜱是新疆优势种,可以根据其生物学习性制定相关防治措施,同时发现被检区牦牛体内寄生虫感染比较严重,急需制定切实可行的防治措施.     

A contribution to the knowledge of nematophagous species of Verticillium

Nine nematophagous species and two varieties ofVerticillium (Verticillium sect.Prostrata), occurring either as parasites of free-living nematodes or as parasites of cysts and eggs, are revised and keyed out.V. catenulatum is reduced to a variety ofV. chlamydosporium A similar fungus is distinguished asV. suchlasporium n. sp. (including a var.catenatum). Spicaria coccospora Drechsler is transferred toVerticillium. All species have been studied in pure culture. Ecological data are reviewed for each species.Samenvatting Negen nematofage soorten en twee variëteiten vanVerticillium (Verticillium sectieProstrata), die óf als parasieten van vrijlevende aaltjes óf als parasieten van cysten en eieren optreden, worden gereviseerd en er wordt een determinatiesleutel van gepresenteerd.V. catenulatum wordt gereduceerd tot een variëteit vanV chlamydosporium. Een hierop lijkende schimmel wordt onderscheiden als.V. suchlasporium n.sp. (incl. een variëteitcatenatum. Spicaria coccospora Drechsler wordt naarVerticillium overgebracht. Alle soorten werden in reincultuur onderzocht. Voor iedere soort worden oecologische gegevens vermeld.     

昆明小鼠体内寄生虫净化技术研究

本文用0.04mg/kg剂量的吡喹酮（Pyquton）对昆明小鼠体内寄生虫进行了药物净化，从血液学、生化学和病理学等方面，对用药物进行了观察。结果表明：吡喹酮不但是一种有效、安全的昆明小鼠多种体内寄生早净化药物，而且对昆明小鼠没有损害。因此是一种实验小鼠体内寄生虫净化的修选药物之一。     

Screening for resistance in the primary and secondary gene pool of barley against the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus

Root-lesion nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus are significant pests in crop cultivation throughout many parts of the world. A study was initiated to determine the resistance of Hordeum vulgare and H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum (wild barley) against one major representative of the genus Pratylenchus , P. neglectus . A glasshouse test was first established. Barley seedlings were grown in 20 cm³ tubes filled with sand. Each plant was inoculated with 400 P. neglectus juveniles. After 12 weeks of cultivation nematodes were isolated from roots and sand using a misting chamber. The nematodes were counted under a microscope. A representative collection of 565 barley and wild barley accessions was tested in this way. The average number of nematodes per accession ranged from 350 to 12 000. In a verification experiment, 35 accessions with low and high infection rates were tested. This experiment identified a number of accessions with low infection rates. The perspectives for future breeding of barley cultivars resistant to root-lesion nematodes are discussed.     

Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep in Denmark with special emphasis on levamisole resistance in Ostertagia circumcincta.

This study was undertaken to elucidate the presence of anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep in Denmark. Twenty two flocks of sheep were selected for Faecal Egg Count Reduction (FECR) tests, based on a prior history of either the same anthelmintic, or anthelmintic class having been used 3 times or more over the previous 5 years. Evidence of anthelmintic resistance was detected in 7 flocks. Two flocks showed FECR of 88% and 94% after treatment with thiabendazole, FECR of another 2 were 90% and 94% following treatment with fenbendazole. Three flocks showed FECR of 73%, 89% and 94%, respectively following the use of levamisole. Ostertagia circumcincta was isolated from 1 of the latter flocks and subjected to an in vivo controlled slaughter assay. Following treatment with levamisole at the recommended dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg, FECR was 44.5% and worm counts were reduced by 67.7%. These results were further substantiated by an in vitro egg hatch paralysis assay and by measuring pepsinogen levels in treated and non-treated lambs. This is the first instance of anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes in Scandinavia.     

佳灵三特-CA驱除动物园草食动物内寄生虫试验

佳灵三特－CA（Closantel sodium)以3－10mg/kg剂量对亚洲象、长颈鹿、河马等28种草食动物做了驱虫试验。结果表明：在5－10mg/kg剂量时，草食动物的片形吸虫卵、前后盘吸虫卵及线虫卵转阴率分别为100％（23／23）、98．46％（64／65）、97．80％（89／91）；3mg/kg剂量不能驱动亚洲象的片吸虫。     

Prevalence of parasites of the local scavenging chickens in a selected semi-arid zone of Eastern Kenya

A study to identify and estimate the prevalence of parasites of local chickens in a semi arid area of Kenya was conducted between March 2005 and August 2006. Three hundred and sixty (360) local chickens purchased from Yathui division of Machakos were examined. Of those, 93.3% had helminths. Nematodes were recovered in 268 (74.4%) chickens whereas 245 (68.1%) had cestodes. Tetrameres americana (37.7%), Ascaridia galli (33.3%) and Heterakis gallinarum (22.8%) were the most important nematode species identified. Raillietina echinobothrida (33.3%) and Davainea proglottina (19.4%) were the two most important cestode species identified. Two coccidia species, namely Eimeria necatrix (6.7%) and E. tenella (16.7%) were isolated and identified as per location in the digestive system. Important ecto-parasites identified included Echidnophaga gallinacea (76.7%), Menacanthus stramineus (79.4%) and Dermanyssus gallinae (60.0%). Endo-parasites (helminths and coccidia) occurred in significantly (p < 0.05) higher frequencies during the wet season than during the dry season. On the contrary, ecto-parasites were significantly (p < 0.05) more fequent during the dry season. Male chickens generally exhibited increased odds for the occurrence of parasites than female birds. Further investigations are required to establish a plausible explanation for this. Overall, parasitism was a big constraint to chicken productivity in the study area. Urgent integrated parasite control approaches should be initiated to address parasitism in chickens in the Yathui cluster.     

Health screening for a translocation of captive-reared tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) to an island refuge

AIMS: To screen tuatara undergoing translocation from a captive crèche to an island refuge for evidence of health and known diseases, and apply basic epidemiological techniques to assess the significance of disease test results.

METHODS: Tuatara (n=353) were physically examined and samples were taken from a random selection (n=30) for estimated white cell counts, screening for haemoparasites, and culture for Salmonella, Yersinia, Aeromonas and Campylobacter spp. Direct faecal smears were carried out on-site, and faecal floats were later performed to assess levels of endoparasitism with helminths and protozoa (n=69). Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining was used to screen faecal smears, and positive specimens were further screened using an immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test for Cryptosporidium oocysts.

RESULTS: There was no evidence of external parasites on any of the animals examined and only one animal had a gross abnormality. All estimated white cell counts were in the range 2.8– 17.5 × 10⁹/L. No haemoparasites were observed. There were no enteric pathogens cultured, indicating the intestinal carriage of these bacteria in the tuatara was 9.4%. Of the 69 individual faecal samples examined, 12 (17%) had unidentified coccidial oocysts, 21 (30%) had nematode ova of various kinds, and 12 (17%) had intestinal carriage of motile protozoa consistent with Trichomonas spp and another unidentified organism. Nineteen (28%) tuatara had acid-fast oocysts present; however, IFA staining failed to detect any Cryptosporidium oocysts.

CONCLUSIONS: Our understanding of the diversity of gastrointestinal endoparasites affecting tuatara is inadequate as many of the parasite ova seen could not be identified. This is the first record of tuatara as a host for Trichomonas spp of protozoa in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Development of immunity to Ostertagia ostertagi (Trichostrongylidae: Nematoda) in pastured young cattle.

This experiment comprised 3 groups of calves, (+P2), (-P2) and (-P1), which all started their first grazing season as parasite-free calves. The (+P2)- and (-P2)-group grazed 2 seasons. In the first season the (-P2)-group of calves was grazing a pasture with no detectable trichostrongyles and treated with anthelmintics every second week. The untreated (+P2)-group grazed an Ostertagia ostertagi contaminated pasture. During the second grazing season these 2 original groups grazed together with a new group of first-year grazing calves (-P1) on paddocks infected with O. ostertagi. Parasitological analyses showed that (+P2)-group had negligible egg excretions in the second year in comparison with (-P2) and (-P1). This indicated, that the egg output may be regulated through acquired immunity. The difference in egg excretions was not reflected in the serum pepsinogen levels, which were only slightly elevated for all groups in the second year. Post mortem examination at the end of the experiment showed that only the (-P1)-group harboured relatively high numbers of worms in the abomasa at that time. Antibodies of 3 immunoglobulin classes were investigated: IgA, IgG1 and IgG2. The IgA and IgG1 responses correlated with the presence of developing and adult worms in the abomasa and they remained elevated in the (+P2)-group throughout the experiment, perhaps indicating an involvement of these antibodies in a protective immune response. In the (-P2)-group the IgA and IgG1 showed fast and sharp rises during the second season that most likely were age-related and as such a result of maturation of the immune system. The role of IgG2 is unclear as the IgG2 response was weak in all groups of calves and difficult to relate to the parasitological data.