Influence of soil factors on the soil enzyme inhibition by Cd

A comparative study was conducted on the toxicity of Cd to alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) in 18 top soils with contrasting soil properties representative of 14 major soil types in China. Soil pH and carbonate content, soil organic matter, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) largely affected the Cd toxicity on two enzyme activities; with the soil pH having only minor effect on the median ecological dose values based on total Cd concentrations (ED_{50 T}). The values of ED_{50 T}/ED_{50 W} (based on water-soluble Cd content) of alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase were strongly influenced by pH and CEC contents, which explained up to 71% of the variation for alkaline phosphatase, 82% of the variation for dehydrogenase, and also were significantly correlated with the parameter K_F derived from Freundlich adsorption isotherms. This study suggests that the values of ED_{50 T}/ED_{50 W} could be useful to evaluate the buffer capacity of soils which protects soil enzymes from harmful effects of heavy metal.     

5-氟尿嘧啶与镉单一及复合污染对三种作物种子萌发的影响

采用急性毒性试验方法,研究了典型抗癌药5-氟尿嘧啶和重金属Cd单一及复合污染对小麦、白菜和水稻种子发芽、根伸长及芽伸长的影响。结果表明:单一5-氟尿嘧啶或Cd的浓度与3种作物根伸长和芽伸长抑制率显著相关(P0.05);相对于芽伸长抑制率,根伸长抑制率是更敏感指标;5-氟尿嘧啶对小麦、白菜和水稻种子的根伸长半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为212.80、102.53、13.30 mg·L-1,Cd对3种作物种子根伸长IC50分别为118.27、23.32、22.21 mg·L-1,3种作物对于两种污染物胁迫的敏感性依次为水稻白菜小麦。通过联合毒性试验发现,5-氟尿嘧啶和Cd不同比例浓度复合处理下根伸长的复合抑制率小于各组分单独作用的相加抑制率,对3种作物种子的复合毒性表现为拮抗作用。     

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity of Eight Chemicals in a Systematic Approach (7 pp)

Background and Objective   Terrestrial ecotoxicity data are required for many research purposes. The data are derived either from the literature or elaborated by own investigations. As the terrestrial toxicity tests are usually time-consuming and labour intensive, the experiments are performed with a limited number of test organisms and soils. In the context of a project sponsored by CEFIC-LRI (European Chemical Industry Council – Long-Range Research Initiative), EC50-values were systematically elaborated for eight chemicals with a wide range of logKow-values (CdCl2, Trinitrotoluene, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4-dichlorophenol, Tributyltinchloride, Pentachlorophenol, Benzo(a)pyrene, p,p-dichloro-2,2-diphenyl-1,1,1-trichloroethane). The substances were selected covering a broad range of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological properties. As toxicity endpoints, microbial activities, plant germination and growth as well as reproduction of earthworms and collembola were determined. As such systematic investigations are rarely performed and for some substances no data existed, the data pool is made available to the scientific community.Methods   All toxicity tests were conducted on three different soil types (sandy soil, silty soil, loamy soil), according to ISO and OECD guidelines Results, Discussion, Conclusion and Outlook   The different toxicities of the chemicals, the influence of soil properties on bioavailability as well as different sensitivities of test organisms and test parameters are reflected by the EC50-values. The results showed that the EC50-values calculated on the basis of nominal concentrations can significantly vary from EC50-values derived from analytical concentrations for some substances. To avoid false conclusions, this has to be considered especially when concentrations determined in the field are compared with toxicity data obtained from the literature or calculated on the basis of nominal concentrations. Moreover, the results indicate that terrestrial ecotoxicological tests should be accompanied by chemical analyses, to be sure to derive sound EC50-values. As the tests were performed according to international guidelines, the comprehensive data pool relevant for the terrestrial ecotoxicity of eight chemicals is considered to be of great value for further research and discussions dealing with the habitat function of soils.     

煤矸石淋滤液对小麦种子及幼苗的生态毒性研究

以山西省农业科学院提供的小麦品种长麦6135为研究对象,采用室内培养方法和柱状淋溶装置,模拟大气降水,用5个不同浓度的煤矸石淋滤液处理小麦种子,分析其对小麦发芽势、发芽率、叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活力等的影响。结果表明：煤矸石淋滤液对小麦种子的发芽有一定抑制作用,浓度越高,抑制作用越显著,煤矸石淋滤液浓度为720．8 mg／L 时小麦发芽势和发芽率均最低,分别为65．6％、69．0％。煤矸石淋滤液浓度为324．5～720．8 mg／L 时,小麦芽长与苗高均显著低于对照组,当浓度为451．5～720．8 mg／L 时,小麦苗质量显著低于对照组;叶绿素含量与煤矸石淋滤液浓度呈线性负相关。不同煤矸石淋滤液浓度的小麦幼苗 POD 活性差异性显著,而 SOD 和CAT 活性差异性极显著;不同部位的 POD 和 SOD 活性差异极显著;不同时间 POD 和 CAT 活性差异极显著。因此,煤矸石淋滤液对小麦种子发芽和幼苗生长具有一定的生态毒性。     

纳米材料的生态毒性及其研究方法

纳米材料作为一种新兴污染物质已经越来越受到人们广泛的关注。通过归纳总结国内外纳米材料生态毒性的研究现状及其研究方法,发现国内外对纳米材料的生态毒性研究主要集中在纳米材料的粒子特性及其所处的环境特征上,而对于受试物种生态特性和纳米材料的毒性之间的联系研究较少。通过总结分析,提出今后对纳米材料的生态毒性研究,除了关注纳米材料特性及其所处的环境特征外,还需考虑物种的生态特性,将3方面综合考虑才能更好地跨物种研究纳米材料的生态毒性。     

森林土壤表层土的生态毒性评估

A series of 9 soil samples were taken at a timber treatment site in SW France where Cu sulphate and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) have been used as wood preservatives (Sites P1 to P9) and one soil sample was collected at an adjacent site on the same soil type (Site P10). Copper was a major contaminant in all topsoils, varying from 65 (Soil P5) to 2600 mg Cu kg^-1 (Soil P7), exceeding background values for French sandy soils. As and Cr did not accumulate in soil, except at Site P8 (52 mg As kg^-1 and 87 mg Cr kg^-1) where CCA-treated posts were stacked. Soil ecotoxicity was assessed with bioassays using radish, lettuce, slug Arion rufus L., and earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny). There were significantly differences in lettuce germination rate, lettuce leaf yield, radish root and leaf yields, slug herbivory, and earthworm avoidance. An additional bioassay showed higher negative impacts on bean shoot and root yields, Rhizobium nodule counts on Bean roots, and guaiacol peroxidase activity in primary Bean leaves for soil from Site P7, with and without fertilisation, than for soil from Site P10, despite both soils having a similar value for computed free ion Cu²⁺ activity in the soil solution (pCu²⁺). Beans grown in soil from Site P7 that had been fertilised showed elevated foliar Cu content and phytotoxic symptoms. Soils from Sites P7 (treatment plant) and P6 (storage of treated utility poles) had the highest ecotoxicity, whereas soil from Site P10 (high organic matter content and cation exchange capacity) had the lowest. Except at Site P10, the soil factor pCu²⁺ computed with soil pH and total soil Cu could be used to predict soil ecotoxicity.     

Natural Benzo/Acetophenones as Leads for New Synthetic Acetophenone Hybrids Containing a 1,2,3-Triazole Ring as Potential Antifouling Agents

Marine biofouling is a natural process that represents major economic, environmental, and health concerns. Some booster biocides have been used in biofouling control, however, they were found to accumulate in environmental compartments, showing negative effects on marine organisms. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new eco-friendly alternatives. Phenyl ketones, such as benzophenones and acetophenones, have been described as modulators of several biological activities, including antifouling activity (AF). In this work, acetophenones were combined with other chemical substrates through a 1,2,3-triazole ring, a strategy commonly used in Medicinal Chemistry. In our approach, a library of 14 new acetophenone–triazole hybrids was obtained through the copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition “click” reaction. All of the synthesized compounds were evaluated against the settlement of a representative macrofouling species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, as well as on biofilm-forming marine microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. The growth of the microalgae Navicula sp. was also evaluated after exposure to the most promising compounds. While compounds 6a, 7a, and 9a caused significant inhibition of the settlement of mussel larvae, compounds 3b, 4b, and 7b were able to inhibit Roseobacter litoralis bacterial biofilm growth. Interestingly, acetophenone 7a displayed activity against both mussel larvae and the microalgae Navicula sp., suggesting a complementary action of this compound against macro- and microfouling species. The most potent compounds (6a, 7a, and 9a) also showed to be less toxic to the non-target species Artemia salina than the biocide Econea^®. Regarding both AF potency and ecotoxicity activity evaluation, acetophenones 7a and 9a were put forward in this work as promising eco-friendly AF agents.     

苯嗪草酮对2种淡水水生植物的生长抑制影响

为评价苯嗪草酮施用后的水生生态安全性,研究苯嗪草酮对小浮萍和穗状狐尾藻的生长抑制影响及其毒性效应。用不同质量浓度的苯嗪草酮对小浮萍和穗状狐尾藻进行暴露处理,以叶状体数和鲜重,植株长度和鲜重为分析指标,分别在第7天和第14天进行观察测定。结果表明：7天小浮萍E_rC₅₀和E_yC₅₀的叶状体数为0.519、0.322 mg/L,鲜重分别为0.518、0.328 mg/L;14天穗状狐尾藻E_rC₅₀和E_yC₅₀的植株长度为6.240、4.248 mg/L,鲜重分别为4.092、2.616 mg/L。苯嗪草酮对小浮萍和穗状狐尾藻具有一定的毒性,抑制其生长。在一定的剂量范围内,抑制率随浓度的增加而增大。但是,苯嗪草酮对两者的毒性作用表现出明显的分类学效应。     

土壤外源Cd胁迫对小麦幼苗生长自由基代谢及抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了土壤外源Cd污染胁迫对小麦幼苗生长、Cd吸收、自由基代谢及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,土壤Cd含量在0～33mg·kg-1范围内,小麦未产生明显的毒害症状,且Cd含量低于3.3mg·kg-1时促进小麦生长;随着土壤外源Cd浓度的增加,小麦根系和叶片Cd含量显著增加.电子顺磁共振(EPR)研究结果显示,小麦叶片自由基水平高于根系,且随Cd浓度的变化,叶片自由基响应比根系更敏感;与对照相比,Cd浓度低于3.3 mg·kg-1时,Cd处理使小麦叶片自由基水平降低,高浓度的Cd处理(≥3.3 mg·kg-1),则使小麦叶片自由基水平升高.叶片SOD、CAT、POD、APX等抗氧化酶在低于3.3 mg·kg-1的Cd处理时,没有明显变化,但更高浓度的Cd处理则诱导酶活性升高,表明氧化胁迫程度增加.综合生物量、自由基变化及抗氧化酶的响应结果,初步确定土壤外源Cd对小麦幼苗的毒性临界点在3.3～10 mg·kg-1之间.     

不同浓度全氟辛烷磺酸对拟南芥叶片的代谢损伤机制

高浓度染毒水平全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）对植物体的毒性效应信息,不能作为低浓度环境水平毒性效应的依据,为了更好地了解不同浓度PFOS对植物体的毒性效应,本研究采用高通量非靶向代谢组学技术分析了不同浓度PFOS对拟南芥在代谢水平上的毒性效应。通过染毒组和对照组的无菌盆栽实验,以及主成分分析（PCA）、正交偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS-DA）、变量投影重要性（VIP）和t检验等统计学方法,筛选出差异代谢物。PCA得分图显示高浓度暴露组（5、10 mg·L^-1和20 mg·L^-1）和低浓度暴露组（0.1 mg·L^-1和1 mg·L^-1）呈现出显著的分离。低暴露组发现了11~24种差异代谢物,而高暴露组发现了23~29种差异代谢物。低暴露组中受到干扰的代谢通路为氧化应激反应中的苯丙烷代谢和能量代谢中的糖代谢,而高暴露组受到干扰的代谢通路为氨基酸代谢、不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成、氨酰tRNA生物合成、苯丙烷生物合成、角质、木栓碱和蜡质的生物合成、脂肪酸生物合成、芥子油甘生物合成和α-亚麻酸代谢,以及硫代谢等多种复杂代谢通路。研究发现高、低浓度PFOS对拟南芥叶片造成了不同的代谢毒性,拟南芥对不同浓度的PFOS启动了不同的代谢防御机制。