陕甘宁老区脆弱生态环境定量评价——以榆林、延安两市为例

位于黄土高原中部的陕甘宁老区生态环境极为脆弱 ,近年来由于气候、人类开发资源等自然和人为原因 ,使生态环境的脆弱程度升高。选定年降水量、年均温、蒸发量等 8个指标 ,定量评价各县 1 970 - 2 0 0 0年的脆弱度状况 ,结果表明榆林、延安两市生态环境整体脆弱 ,脆弱度存在空间差异但差异不明显 ,时间段上的波动幅度不大。陕甘宁老区脆弱生态环境具有不稳定性 ,对外界干扰较敏感。     

Relationship between calving difficulty and fertility traits in first‐parity Iranian Holsteins under standard and recursive models

The main objective of this study was to estimate the genetic and phenotypic relationships between calving difficulty (CD) and fertility traits, including success at first service (SF), number of inseminations to conception (INS), interval from calving to first service (CTFS), interval between first and last service (IFL) and days open (DO), in first‐parity Iranian Holsteins under standard (SMMs) and recursive (RMMs) mixed models. The data analysed in this paper included 29 950 records on CD and fertility traits, collected in the time period from 1995 to 2014 by the Animal Breeding and Improvement Center of Iran. Under all observed SMMs and RMMs, five bivariate sire‐maternal grandsire models (ten bivariate analyses in total) were used for the analyses. Recursive models were applied with a view to consider that CD influences the fertility traits in the subsequent reproductive cycle and the genetic determination of CD and fertility traits by fitting CD as covariate for any of the fertility traits studied. The existence of such cause‐and‐effect is considered in RMMs but not in SMMs. Our results implied a statistically non‐zero magnitude of the causal relationships between CD and all the fertility traits studied, with the former influencing the latter. The causal effects of CD on SF (on the observed scale, %), INS, CTFS, IFL and DO were ?2.23%, 0.10 services, 1.93 days, 3.76 days and 5.61 days, respectively. Direct genetic correlations between CD and the fertility traits under both models were not statistically different from zero (95% HPD interval included zero), except for the correlation between CD and CTFS, which were 0.197 and 0.134 under SMM and RMM, respectively, indicating that genes associated with difficult births also increase intervals between calving and the first insemination afterwards. Comparison of both models by the deviance information criterion (DIC) demonstrated the plausibility of RMMs over SMMs.     

Synthetic Application for Analysis Methods of the Planar Mechanism Overconstraints

Overconstraints exist widely in planar closed chain mechanisms and mechanical systems result in a series of detrimental influences on behavior of machines, and attention is given to them by machine designer. Some analysis methods of overconstraints in planar closed chain mechanisms are presented, and more study due to the faultiness of these methods. In accordance with faultiness of two common kind of methods, formulas method and loop analysis method of degrees of freedom, and by combining these two methods, an useful mechanism overconstraints analysis method which is convenient for computer aided overconstraints analysis is gained via research on the two methods thoroughly and systematically, and some new views about mechanism overconstraints analysis are presented.     

BP神经网络在焉耆盆地农田排水量

利用BP神经网络技术对焉耆盆地农田排水量进行预测。利用灰色关联度分析确定了排水量与各影响因素的关系，选取了对排水量影响最大的5个因素作为BP网络的输入，利用均匀设计方法，确定了最优的神经网络结构。估算结果表明利用BP神经网络可以准确的估算农田排水量，最大相对误差仅为-2.45％。     

王茂沟流域淤地坝系土壤颗粒与有机碳分布特征研究

为了研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坝系坝地土壤颗粒与有机碳的分布特征,以陕北绥德县王茂沟小流域为研究对象,选取了47个土壤剖面,采集土样940个,分析了分形维数、粗化度、有机碳与各粒径组成之间的关系。结果表明:（1）研究区坝地的土壤粒径分布中,粉粒含量占主导地位,依次为砂粒、黏粒;（2）王茂沟坝地土壤颗粒的分形维数在2.674~2.829之内变化,垂直剖面上变化很微小,坝前、坝中、坝后土壤颗粒分形维数分别为2.803 3,2.783 6,2.795 8;（3）王茂沟坝地土壤质地粗化度在0.27~0.58,平均值为0.44,坝前（0.40） < 坝后（0.45） < 坝中（0.46）;（4）坝地土壤颗粒在0.05~0.002 mm和 < 0.002 mm范围内与土壤颗粒的分形维数成极显著正相关,在2.0~0.05 mm范围内与土壤颗粒的分形维数成极显著负相关;坝地土壤有机碳与粉粒和黏粒呈正相关,与细砂粒和极细沙粒含量呈负相关。     

农业机器人切削过程仿真分析——基于计算机辅助设计

利用6自由度机器人切削加工平台,讨论了该机器人与计算机辅助设计工具的数据链结构,研究了其运动控制过程,并对设计结果进行有效优化。通过介绍切削加工控制系统整体结构,构建了机器人运动学模型,并根据计算机辅助设计工具,对机器人后续优化过程的坐标转换、各关节正逆运动学计算以及机器人运动控制程序生成过程进行了深入研究。同时,对系统进行了ADAMS软件仿真,并完成了3D样件的加工。试验结果表明:该系统可以自动生成机器人运动控制程序的加工指令,直接驱动机器人末端执行刀具的运动,实现零部件的加工生产,可行性高。     

多自由度自锁式香蕉收割机的有限元分析

针对大规模香蕉种植基地香蕉收割机具的研发比较缺乏,研制了一种多自由度自锁式香蕉收割机。该机可收割各型株高的香蕉,具有自锁、多自由度动作及小型运输等特点。通过分析该机的工作原理,对其关键零部件建立有限元模型,进行基于ANSYS的有限元分析。结果表明:收割机关键零部件的刚度和强度满足工作要求。自锁式多自由度香蕉收割机的研制可为其他类似农作物收割机具的研制提供参考。     

辽西北地区植被分布组成与土地沙化关系的调查

在辽西北部地区土地沙化调查中,进行的植被调查结果表明,草本植被平均盖度为71.9%。由于草地面积减少与连年干旱的影响,湿生植物、中生植物分布缩小,而旱生植物分布扩大。出现频度最高的植物共20种,其中1年生田间杂草和沙生植物的总出现次数与数量高于多年生禾草和其他多年生植物,为其1.8倍和2.7倍。因此,该区植被退化与土地沙化发展比较强烈。这20种植物中过度放牧和极度放牧沙化植物的出现次数和数量高于适度放牧(包括不放牧)和重度放牧,可知过度放牧和极度放牧,是植被退化与土地沙化的主要因素。蒺藜草的分布频度达25.0%,多度达23.7%,已经成为当地草原的主要害草。     

光照对长白梅木生长发育的影响

研究不同遮光度对栽培长白椽木生长发育的影响。结果表明，适度遮光可促进长白槐木的生长，提高植株高度，但对茎粗促进作用不明显。适度遮光更有利于植株干物质的积累，但是重度遮光不利于长白橡木种子的成熟。不同遮光处理延迟了长白橡木的开花期和结果期，尤其是80％遮光处理，到了秋季枯萎期种子不能成熟。田间观察30％、50％遮光处理并没有影响种子的成熟，因此，只有重度遮光不利于长白橡木种子成熟。     

梅花鹿剖腹产诊治研究

本文是笔者在近年养鹿实践中 ,对梅花鹿剖腹产进行了诊治研究的总结。较详尽地阐述了梅花鹿剖腹产的适应症、剖腹产的手术方法和术后护理等问题。通过 1 5例难产手术证明 ,仔鹿成活率达 80 % ,母鹿成活率达 1 0 0 %。