Variation in growth and aggression of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) from upstream and downstream reaches of the same river

Abstract –  To investigate differences in behaviour and growth between juvenile brown trout from spatially separated reaches, fish were collected from above and below a weir in Silverstream, New Zealand. Population level differences in mass-specific growth rates and aggression level were examined in tank experiments. Monitoring of mass-specific growth rates found that relative growth rates between fish of different sizes varied between fish from the upstream reach but not between fish from the downstream reach. Large individuals grew faster than smaller individuals from the upstream reach but no effect of relative fish size on growth was found among fish from the downstream population, indicating that social organisation in the two populations differed. When tested in pairs, juvenile brown trout from the downstream population were found to be more aggressive than those from the upstream population. Differences in the allometric relationship between growth rate and fish size and in the levels of aggressiveness appear to be related to the failure to form dominance hierarchies among fish from the downstream reach, a fixed behavioural trait most likely related to prior experience of crowding or different genetic backgrounds.     

江苏省主棉区棉田杂草草害发生规律的研究

江苏省主棉区棉田杂草有 1 2 4种 (含变种 ) ,隶属于 37科、 93属 ,其中恶性杂草有马唐、铁苋菜、稗、鳢肠、狗尾草、马齿苋、牛筋草、千金子和刺儿菜等 9种 ,区域性恶性杂草 1 3种 ,常见杂草 2 0种 ,一般杂草 82种。发生优势度最大的为马唐、铁苋菜、稗、鳢肠 ,是江苏各棉区杂草群落的优势种。由于棉花耕作栽培方式的不同 ,导致杂草的发生有差异 ,在水旱轮作棉田 ,稗、千金子、牛繁缕等喜湿性杂草的发生优势度较大 ;而在旱连作棉田 ,狗尾草、牛筋草、刺儿菜、波斯婆婆纳、香附子、苣荬菜等旱生性杂草种群发生较多。江苏棉田的杂草危害基本上以 1～ 2级为主 ,3～ 5级出现的田块相对较少。各棉区发生的杂草种类亦有差异 ,沿江棉区的杂草危害最严重 ,沿海棉区和淮北棉区次之 ,里下河棉区又次之。就江苏各棉区棉田总体情况来看 ,旱 旱连作棉田杂草的危害程度比水 旱轮作棉田略高