淀粉基生物降解塑料初探

研究了以硝酸铈铵为引发剂，甲基丙烯酸甲酯与玉米淀粉的接枝共聚反应，探讨了反应温度，反应时间、原料配比、加料顺序对反应的影响，并研究了酸对反应的影响，求得了接枝率和接枝效率。     

梅花鹿饲粮糊化淀粉尿素氮水平对营养物质消化、代谢的影响

采用 4× 4拉丁方设计 ,研究了梅花鹿饲粮糊化淀粉尿素氮水平对营养物质消化和代谢的影响。结果表明 :饲粮糊化淀粉尿素氮水平对能量、氮、干物质的消化率及能量、氮的代谢率等指标的影响 ,各处理组间差异均不显著 (P <0 0 5) ,饲粮糊化淀粉尿素氮水平达到 0 75%[2 3 85g/(日·头 ) ]时 ,对营养物质消化和代谢没有不良影响 ,6岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮中添加0 75%的糊化淀粉尿素氮是安全的。     

Effect of lauric acid on the V-amylose complex distribution and properties of swelled normal cornstarch granules

Starch–fatty acid complexes were prepared using swelled normal cornstarch (NC) and lauric acid (LA). Two different modes of adding LA to the starch slurry were employed; i.e. either adding the LA to the heated starch suspension (method I) or adding the LA to the starch suspension and then heating (method II). Effects of the modes of adding LA on the V-amylose complex distribution and digestibility were studied. Lipid content determination indicated that method I is favorable to the formation of V-amylose complex. Light and confocal laser scanning microscopic examination indicated that NC–LA complex prepared by method I seemed to be more swollen, and the V-amylose complex distributed throughout the granules, while NC–LA complex prepared by method II was mainly distributed on the surface of starch granules. The results of X-ray diffraction and thermal property demonstrated that method I was more beneficial to the formation of more crystalline structure than that of method II. The in vitro digestibility investigation showed that the addition of LA through method I had the ability of slowing the hydrolysis of starch.     

Associative effects of supplementing rice straw‐based diet with cornstarch on intake,digestion, rumen microbes and growth performance of Huzhou lambs

Thirty‐six male Hu lambs consuming a rice straw‐based diet were used in a 60‐day trial to study the associative effects of cornstarch supplementation on intake, digestion, ruminal microbial population and growth performance. All animals were fed rice straw ad libitum together with 160 g/day of rapeseed meal and supplemented with cornstarch at levels of 0 (control), 60, 120 or 180 g/day, respectively. Increment of supplementary cornstarch showed little influence on rice straw intake. Optimal growth performance and highest apparent digestibility of organic matter was achieved in the 120 g/day cornstarch group (P < 0.05), while the digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber and crude protein were significantly decreased by 180 g/day cornstarch (P < 0.05). Similar results were observed for carboxymethyl cellulose activity and relative populations of cellulolytic bacteria (Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogene). Blood urea nitrogen was reduced by supplementary cornstarch, indicating enhanced protein utilization efficiency. Carcass traits were all significantly improved by supplementary cornstarch. These results suggested that proper amounts of starch supplementation (within 0.5% BW) has little adverse effect on forage utilization, but could effectively improve growth performance. High levels of cornstarch, however, would decrease cellulase activity and populations of cellulolytic bacteria, and hence the digestibility of forage.     

The growth performance of southern catfish fed diets with raw, precooked cornstarch and glucose at two levels

The ability of juvenile carnivorous southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis Chen) to use different levels, kinds and physic state (glucose, raw cornstarch and precooked cornstarch) of dietary carbohydrate was evaluated in term of growth performance. All diets contained 100 g kg^?1 lipid and 16 kJ metabolizable energy. Three isonitrogeneus (400 g kg^?1) diets were formulated to contain 150 g kg^?1 raw cornstarch, precooked cornstarch and glucose. Another three isonitrogeneus (300 g kg^?1) diets were formulated to contain 300 g kg^?1 raw cornstarch, precooked cornstarch and glucose. A control diet was formulated with no carbohydrate containing 500 g kg^?1 protein. Each experimental diet was fed to four tanks of 10 fish (28.3 ± 0.5 g) for 8 weeks at 27.5 °C. Specific growth rate (SGR) of 300 g kg^?1 glucose diet was significantly lower than those of other diets (P < 0.05). Feeding rates (FR) of 300 g kg^?1 glucose and control diets were significantly lower than those of the other diets (P < 0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) was significantly decreased with increased dietary carbohydrate level (P < 0.05). Feed efficiency of the 300 g kg^?1 glucose diet was significantly lower than those of the 300 g kg^?1 raw and precooked cornstarch diets (P < 0.05). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was significantly increased with dietary carbohydrate level except that of the 300 g kg^?1 glucose diet, which was lowest among all diets (P < 0.05). The results suggested that both dietary starch and glucose were utilized for energy in southern catfish and had a protein‐sparing effect. At 150 g kg^?1 inclusion level, the utilization of raw and precooked cornstarch and glucose did not vary significantly, but a higher dietary glucose level (300 g kg^?1) had a markedly detrimental effect on growth in southern catfish.     

Evaluation of carbohydrate/lipid ratios on growth and metabolic response in tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) juvenile

Five experimental diets with different carbohydrates/lipid ratio (CHO:L, 0.75, 1.28, 2.10, 2.52, 4.63) were formulated. Fish were randomly assigned by triplicate (10 fish per tank, 0.50 ± 0.01 g). Growth was registered every 15 days until end of the experiment (45 days). Samples were taken for analysis of chemical carcass composition, blood chemistry, glycogen and lipid liver content, digestive and metabolic enzyme activities. Results showed that survival, growth performance parameters and plasma glucose were not affected by treatments (p > 0.05). Lipids of carcass and liver, as well as triglycerides and plasma cholesterol increase significantly as CHO:L ratio decreased. While an inversely proportional tendency was observed for carcass protein and liver glycogen (p < 0.05). Digestive enzymes did not show significant differences among treatments (p > 0.05). Finally, Hexokinase (HK), glucokinase (GK), phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and fructose‐1,6‐biphosphase (FBPase) showed high regulation by carbohydrates up to the CHO:L ratio of 2.10 (p < 0.05), while pyruvate kinase (PK) activity was not significantly affected by the CHO:L ratio. By the other side, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) tends to significantly increase as the CHO:L ratio increases. We conclude that A. tropicus fry have a high capacity to utilize carbohydrates substituting lipids as energy source in balanced diets.     

高取代度丁二酸酯玉米淀粉的半干法制备及性能研究

为给丁二酸酯淀粉的工业化生产提供理论依据,以玉米淀粉为原料、NaHCO3为催化剂、丁二酸酐为酯化剂,利用半干法工艺合成高取代度丁二酸酯淀粉,探讨了不同反应参数对丁二酸酯淀粉取代度的影响,结果表明:在丁二酸酐用量为淀粉质量的9%、反应体系含水量为25%、NaHCO3用量为淀粉质量的4%、135℃反应2h的条件下可获得取代度为0.163 3的高取代度丁二酸酯淀粉;与原淀粉相比,丁二酸酯淀粉结构发生了一定程度的变化,出现了新的特征吸收峰,证实了丁二酸酯淀粉中丁二酸酯基的存在,并且其糊化温度降低、峰值黏度增加。     

Effect of dietary cornstarch levels on growth performance, digestibility and microscopic structure in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei reared in brackish water

The ability of Litopenaeus vannamei (initial mean weight: 0.96 ± 0.02 g) to utilize different levels of cornstarch was examined in terms of growth indices, body composition, digestibility and microscopic structure of the hepatopancreas. Six isonitrogenous semipurified diets were fed to satiation to shrimp for 8 weeks in triplicate tanks (30 shrimps per tank) connected to a natural brackish water (6–8 g L^?1) recirculating system. Diets contained different levels of cornstarch (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 g kg^?1) as the source of carbohydrate and were balanced using cellulose. Weight gain (WG), survival rate and feed conversion rate (FCR) were considerably affected by cornstarch levels of diets. The highest WG (453.6 g kg^?1) and best FCR was observed in shrimp fed the 150 g kg^?1 (cornstarch level) diet and was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those fed diets containing 250–350 g kg^?1 cornstarch. However, the survival rate reached maximum in shrimp fed the 100 g kg^?1 diet (96.7), some 30% higher than the lowest rate, which was found in shrimp fed the 250 g kg^?1 diet. Body lipid tended to be higher in shrimp fed diets with higher cornstarch levels. The apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude fat increased with increasing levels of cornstarch and, hence, decreasing levels of cellulose. In addition, histological study on shrimp fed 10–350 g kg^?1 diets exhibited histological changes. The overall conclusion was that the optimum cornstarch level may be set at 100–200 g kg^?1 when the diets contain 380 g kg^?1 protein.     

玉米淀粉多元醇液化工艺研究

通过单因素实验法,研究了液化剂配比、液化时间、液化温度、催化剂用量、玉米淀粉与液化剂配比对玉米淀粉液化效果和液化产物羟值的影响。结果表明,硫酸是玉米淀粉多元醇液化的有效催化剂;玉米淀粉最佳液化工艺为：玉米淀粉与液化剂质量比为1：6,硫酸用量为液化剂质量的3％,液化剂中PEG400和甘油质量比为7：3,液化时间25min,液化温度150℃,此条件下液化残渣率为2．0％,所制备的玉米淀粉液化产物羟值为447．0mgKOH／g。