Sporulation of Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot) on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) leaves inoculated with ascospores or conidia at different temperatures and wetness durations

In controlled environment experiments, sporulation of Pyrenopeziza brassicae was observed on leaves of oilseed rape inoculated with ascospores or conidia at temperatures from 8 to 20°C at all leaf wetness durations from 6 to 72 h, except after 6 h leaf wetness duration at 8°C. The shortest times from inoculation to first observed sporulation ( l ₀), for both ascospore and conidial inoculum, were 11–12 days at 16°C after 48 h wetness duration. For both ascospore and conidial inoculum (48 h wetness duration), the number of conidia produced per cm² leaf area with sporulation was seven to eight times less at 20°C than at 8, 12 or 16°C. Values of Gompertz parameters c (maximum percentage leaf area with sporulation), r (maximum rate of increase in percentage leaf area with sporulation) and l ₃₇ (days from inoculation to 37% of maximum sporulation), estimated by fitting the equation to the observed data, were linearly related to values predicted by inserting temperature and wetness duration treatment values into existing equations. The observed data were fitted better by logistic equations than by Gompertz equations (which overestimated at low temperatures). For both ascospore and conidial inoculum, the latent period derived from the logistic equation (days from inoculation to 50% of maximum sporulation, l ₅₀) of P. brassicae was generally shortest at 16°C, and increased as temperature increased to 20°C or decreased to 8°C. Minimum numbers of spores needed to produce sporulation on leaves were ≈25 ascospores per leaf and ≈700 conidia per leaf, at 16°C after 48 h leaf wetness duration.     

全国草地类自然保护区的成效评估指标

在集成分析国内外自然保护区生态保护成效评估研究进展的基础上, 结合DPSIR模型的状态指标集以及我国关于草地生态系统长期获取的资料数据, 坚持最大程度客观地评估我国草地类自然保护区生态保护成效的设计思路和原则, 筛选出既能够反映该自然保护区生态保护效益、又较易获取且国内外相关机构有类似评估标准的15个指标。并尝试结合已有的国家相关技术标准规范和文献研究资料获得各指标的技术规范, 得到反映自然保护区的保护对象、生态功能与环境相互作用等方面的具体参数。实际应用中, 这些指标可根据评估主体、评估目的、评估周期以及已有资料数据等不同进行组合, 从而在一定程度上反映自然保护区生态保护成效。     

加快推进和完善我国森林生态效益补偿制度的建设

森林资源是陆地生态系统的主体,森林不仅具有重要的经济效益,而且具有重要的环境生态效益。森林资源的建设和保护陷入了缺乏资金长效投入的困境,天保工程等重大工程的实施解决不了长远发展问题,为了保证我国经济发展和环境保护的协调发展,根据我国的现实情况,应制定一部《森林生态效益补偿法》,尽快全国范围内实施森生态效益补偿制度。文章就加快推进和完善我国的森林生态效益补偿制度建设作了初步分析。     

建立草原生态补偿机制的探讨——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟为例

建立草原生态补偿机制是有效恢复草原生态环境、巩固草原生态建设成果、提高牧民收入的重要制度保障。本文以锡林郭勒盟为例,阐述了禁牧舍饲项目和生态恢复禁牧区项目中草原生态补偿政策的实践,剖析了我国现行草原生态补偿政策存在缺乏长效机制、政策制定不尽合理以及补偿资金投入不足的主要问题,并提出我国建立草原生态补偿机制的对策措施:①科学合理制定补偿办法;②多渠道增加草原生态补偿资金投入;③建立健全法律保障机制。     

惩罚性赔偿制度的理论定位与适用范围

惩罚性赔偿乃补偿性民事责任之重要而有益的补充，某种意义上，惩罚性赔偿制度甚至可称为现当代侵权法发展的一个方向。中国在欺诈性消费合同、恶意不签劳动合同、产品责任领域严重侵权、恶意违反执行程序等领域，应坚持在有法律明文规定的情况下适用惩罚性赔偿制度。惩罚性赔偿金额以所造成损失的2倍赔偿为宜，环境侵权领域和知识产权侵权领域在当前尚不宜适用惩罚性赔偿。     

论房屋征收与补偿过程中的维权机制

随着现阶段城市建设速度的加快，各地因拆迁行为引发的争议越来越激烈。为了更好地协调城市发展与私人权益的关系，2011年1月21日国务院颁布了《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》（简称《征收条例》，下同）。与先前的《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》相比较，《征收条例》无论在立法的价值目标、具体的实施机制方面都有很大的区别。以《征收条例》和相关立法作为制度框架，构建并逐步完善房屋征收与补偿过程中的维权机制，有助于使得包括《征收条例》在内的上述立法得以贯彻实现，从而使得利益博弈在市场经济、法治国家的轨道上进行。     

Some Ideas on Reconstruction of Villages inside the City

In this paper, the historical reasons of formation of the village inside the city are analyzed. It is indicated that such situation for the villages inside the city are the result of joint action of both the villagers and the government. The foundation of villages inside the city laid on the simple compensation for farmers in confiscating the rural land and lack of intelligence aids. In this paper, the ideas and measures for their reconstruction are put forward based on consideration of the reasons of their formation and difficulties in the reconstruction.     

A Thermodynamic Criteria for Evaluation of Heat Exchanger Performance

The concept of loss rate of available energy was introduced for evaluating heat exchanger performance. At the same time, the general expression of loss rate of available energy was obtained for heat exchangers of several typical. And NL criteria was recommended for evaluation of the loss rate of available energy of heat exchanger. Then. the influences of inlet temperatures ratio, heat capacity ratio of fluids, the number of heat transfer units and flow patterns of heat exchanger on ,VL criteria were also discussed.