Effect of chlorogenic acid on intestinal inflammation,antioxidant status,and microbial community of young hens challenged with acute heat stress

Heat stress in poultry is deleterious to productive performance. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) exerts antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplemental CGA on the intestinal health and cecal microbiota composition of young hens challenged with acute heat stress. 100-day-old Hy-line brown pullets were randomly divided into four groups. The control group (C) and heat stress group (HS) received a basal diet. HS + CGA₃₀₀ group and HS + CGA₆₀₀ group received a basal diet supplemented with 300- and 600-mg/kg CGA, respectively, for 2 weeks before heat stress exposure. Pullets of HS, HS + CGA₃₀₀, and HS + CGA₆₀₀ group were exposed to 38°C for 4 h while the control group was maintained at 25°C. In this study, dietary CGA supplementation had effect on mitigate the decreased T-AOC and T-SOD activities and the increasing of IL-1β and TNFα induced by acute heat stress. Dietary supplementation with 600 mg/kg CGA had better effect on increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial genera, such as Rikenellaceae RC9_gut_group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, and Christensenellaceae R-7_group, and deceasing bacteria genera involved in inflammation, such as Sutterella species. Therefore, CGA can ameliorate acute heat stress damage through suppressing inflammation and improved antioxidant capacity and cecal microbiota composition.     

日粮锌、硒水平对肉鸡肠道黏膜屏障结构的影响

为了探讨微量元素锌和硒相互作用对肉鸡肠道黏膜屏障结构的影响，将24只1日龄AA肉鸡随机分3组，分别饲喂添加有高锌高硒(锌1000mg／kg、硒5mg／kg)、低锌低硒(锌34mg／kg、硒0．08mg／kg)或常锌常硒(锌50mg／kg、硒0．15mg／kg)的日粮45d后，观察肠黏膜上皮细胞、上皮内淋巴细胞和盲肠扁桃体的形态结构变化。结果表明：高锌高硒或低锌低硒组肉鸡的肠黏膜结构有明显的损伤，表现为肠黏膜上皮细胞萎缩，绒毛长度下降，上皮内淋巴细胞数量减少；盲肠扁桃体的弥散淋巴组织和淋巴小结中，淋巴细胞数量减少，细胞出现肿胀，有的核消失，结缔组织增生，淋巴小结萎缩。尤其是高锌高硒组的损伤最为严重。而常锌常硒组肉鸡肠黏膜和盲肠扁桃体的形态结构正常。结论：日粮中按锌50mg／kg、硒0．15mg／kg的比例添加，对于维持肠道黏膜的正常屏障结构是合适的。过高或过低的锌和硒对小肠黏膜有毒性作用，破坏其屏障功能；而且高锌和高硒可相互促进以增强其毒性作用。     

微生物菌群培养组学在动物医学中的应用

实验室条件下可培养的微生物约占自然界中微生物总数的1%，这限制了人们对99%未知微生物的认识和利用，而研究表明，那些“不可培养的微生物”是可以被开发和利用的，未能被纯培养的微生物才是未知微生物的主体。微生物培养组学探索利用多种培养条件和长时间的培养，结合基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法（MALDI-TOF-MS）和16S核糖体RNA（rRNA）测序可以大规模鉴定各种微生物，同时利用全基因组测序和宏基因组测序手段对未知微生物进行深入分析。本文综述了国内外近年来微生物菌群培养组学在反刍动物胃肠道、禽类盲肠及家畜鼻腔微生物菌群研究中的最新进展，探讨将动物体内菌群培养组学方法应用于动物疾病防治领域的可行性。作为一个新兴的研究方法，尽管该培养组学还存在一些不够成熟的方面，但它的发展前景十分广阔，微生物菌群培养组学方法和其他研究方法的互补已经逐渐成为发展兽医微生物学新的突破口。     

Preventive effects of Clostridium butyricum on gastric ulceration induced by pylorus ligature in mice

AIM: To investigate the preventive effects of Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) on the type of pylorus ligated gastric ulcer (GU) in mice and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: ICR mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham operation group, model group, C. butyricum pretreatment group and omeprazole pretreatment group. Gastric pyloric ligation was adopted to establish GU model in mice. The gastric juice was collected to measure the content of gastric free mucus, the pH of gastric juice and the activity of pepsin. The gastric tissues were collected for routine HE staining to observe the pathological changes. The content of glycogen was detected by PAS staining. The protein expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in the gastric mucosa was also assessed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: The HE and PAS staining showed that the C. butyricum pretreatment obviously attenuated the mucosa lesion induced by ligation. Compared with model group, the pH of gastric juice was significantly raised. The activity of pepsin fell off in C. butyricum group, which was lower than that in omeprazole group. In comparison with model group, the content of gastric free mucus was dramatically increased and PAS staining showed a significant rise in C. butyricum group, but not in omeprazole group. The protein expression of Bax was decreased and the protein expression of Bcl-2 was upgraded in C. butyricum group than those in model group. CONCLUSION: C. butyricum protects gastric mucosa against the challenge of pylorus ligation in mice and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting gastric acid secretion and the activation of pepsin, increasing the production of gastric free mucus, strengthening the expression of bcl-2 gene and inhibiting the expression of bax gene.     

应用竞争排斥法防制禽沙门氏菌感染

本文介绍了竞争排斥的概念,并概述了其在控制禽沙门氏菌感染中的效果、作用机理和实际应用等方面的研究进展,并讨论了这一方法的主要优点及其在家禽生产及人医上的潜在应用前景。     

益生素对雏鸡肠道黏膜体液免疫与细胞免疫的影响

为了观察益生素对雏鸡肠道黏膜免疫的影响,将60只雏鸡随机分为益生素组和对照组,分别在灌服益生素后1,4,7,10和18 d,采集肠液、十二指肠派伊尔结和盲肠扁桃体,观测肠道黏膜抗体生成细胞数量、T细胞数量和肠液免疫球蛋白相对含量的变化,并在服用益生素后4 d对盲肠扁桃体的超微结构进行了常规透射电镜及扫描电镜观察。结果表明,在服用益生素后7 d,雏鸡肠液的IgA高于未服用益生素的对照雏鸡(P<0.01),十二指肠派伊尔结的IgG生成细胞数量在10 d、Ig M生成细胞数量在7 d明显高于对照组雏鸡(P<0.05),盲肠扁桃体弥散区的IgA生成细胞数量在7~10 d、IgG生成细胞数量在7 d、Ig M生成细胞数量在4~7 d明显高于对照组雏鸡(P<0.05);盲肠扁桃体的T淋巴细胞在雏鸡服用益生素后7 d明显高于对照组(P<0.01);盲肠扁桃体绒毛表面的微绒毛密度和长度在服用益生素后3 d也明显提高;随着雏鸡日龄增加,益生素的影响逐渐减弱。可见,益生素能够提高雏鸡生长初期的肠道黏膜免疫。     

Hemodynamic changes of abdominal organs in the early stage of septic mice induced by cecal ligation and puncture

AIM: To characterize the hemoperfusion of abdominal organs in the early stage of sepsis in mice. METHODS: Health male Kunming mice were used in the study (n=100). The techniques of 2D, M-mode and pulse-wave Doppler were applied to evaluate the systolic functions of the heart and the blood flow of abdominal aorta, right renal artery and portal vein before cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) as the baseline and at the time points of 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h and 60 h after CLP. The mice survived for 7 d were considered as survivals. All data were compared with the baseline values.RESULTS: The cardiac output of the CLP mice remained in normal or hyperdynamic levels in the early stage of sepsis. Compensatory responses of systolic functions were observed. The levels of blood flow in abdominal aorta were increased first and then decreased. Resistent index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of abdominal aorta began to increase at the time point of 24 h. Blood flow of right renal artery showed a significant decline from the beginning to the end of our observation. No significant difference of the right arteriorenal RI and PI was observed. Portal venous flow increased significantly at 12 h, and decreased at 24 h after CLP. Congestion index of the portal vein was distinctly increased from 12 h to the end of the observation. CONCLUSION: The hemodynamics of abdominal organs in early stage of septic mice shows specific changes, indicating an important role in evaluating the mechanism of sepsis.     

鸡盲肠扁桃体组织结构早期发育的动态观察

本研究利用HE染色方法结合图像分析软件和数据统计软件,观察雏鸡不同生长发育阶段盲肠扁桃体的组织学发育过程和结构特征。结果显示:随着日龄的增长,盲肠扁桃体特征结构不断发育成熟,并在21日龄时基本达到成熟水平。21日龄时,盲肠扁桃体粘膜层中下部形成生发中心,其数目在35日龄时达到稳定。证实,鸡出壳后初期,盲肠扁桃体免疫功能迅速增强,并在35日龄时达到成熟水平。     

The Application of Microbiome Culturomics in Veterinary Medicine

Under laboratory conditions, the number of cultured microorganisms accounts for about 1% of the total number of microorganisms in nature, which limits people's understanding and utilization of 99% of the unknown microorganisms. However, relevant researches show that those "uncultured microorganisms" can be developed and utilized, and the uncultured microorganisms are the main body of the unknown microorganisms. The microbial culturomics explored the application of multiple culture conditions and long-term culture, it was combined with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing to identify all kinds of microorganisms on a large scale. At the same time, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and Metagenomics sequencing technology were used to analyze unknown microorganisms in depth. In this paper, the latest progress of culturomics in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract, poultry cecum, and livestock nasal microflora in recent years was reviewed, and the feasibility of applying the method of microflora culturomics in animal disease prevention and control was discussed. As a new research idea, culturomics has some immature aspects, but its development prospect is very broad. The complementary of microflora culturomics and other research methods have gradually become a breakthrough in the development of veterinary microbiology.     

Bursting tension of medium and large canine arteries sealed with ultrasonic energy or suture ligation

OBJECTIVE: To compare bursting tension of arteries > or =3 mm in diameter sealed with ultrasonic energy (UE) with arteries ligated with suture. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental, nested factorial design. SAMPLE POPULATION: Vascular segments from canine cadavers. METHODS: Arterial segments (12) were collected from each of 16 canine cadavers and equally divided into 2 groups based on vessel diameter (medium, 3.0- < 4.5 mm; large, 4.5 - < or =6.0 mm). Arterial specimens (3) from each group were sealed with either UE (Harmonic Scalpel, HS, power level 3) or suture ligation. The mean bursting pressure and tension were determined and compared. RESULTS: Bursting tension was significantly higher (P< .0001) for sutured arteries than UE-occluded arteries, irrespective of size. Bursting tension was significantly higher (P=.0013) for medium than large UE-occluded arteries, whereas there was no difference associated with size for ligated arteries. UE energy failed to seal 1 medium artery and 7 large arteries. Compared with normal blood pressure, bursting pressures were 3.5 times greater for sutured arteries irrespective of size, 1.8 times greater for medium UE-occluded arteries, and approached normal blood pressure for large UE-occluded arteries. CONCLUSION: At the power level tested, UE should not be used to seal arteries > 4.5 mm in diameter. Suture provided an optimal seal for arteries < or =6.0 mm in diameter. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of UE to occlude arteries during laparoscopic surgery is advantageous because only 1 instrument is required to simultaneously cut and coagulate tissue, but care should be exercised where large arteries might be encountered.