肝素、咖啡因、丙酮酸钠、BSA对延边黄牛卵母细胞体外受精效果的影响

试验为延边黄牛体外胚胎产业化生产奠定基础,进行了肝素、咖啡因、丙酮酸钠、BSA对延边黄牛体外受精效果的影响研究。结果表明,以改良BO液为基础液,添加20 μg/mL肝素时,精子顶体反应率和受精率分别为82.52%和75.34%,高于添加20 μg/mL咖啡因组(P<0.05)和添加10 μg /mL肝素与10 μg/mL咖啡因协同作用组(P>0.05);结合使用肝素(20 μg/mL),添加0.0020 g/mL丙酮酸钠时,精子顶体反应率和受精率分别为78.13%和71.57%, 高于添加0.0015 g/mL和0.0025 g/mL丙酮酸钠组(P<0.05);结合使用肝素(20 μg/mL),添加0.006 g/mL BSA时,精子顶体反应率和受精率分别为80.78%和71.44%,高于添加0.001 g/mL和0.003 g/mL BSA组(P<0.05)。因此,添加适当浓度的肝素、丙酮酸钠和BSA可显著提高延边黄牛精子体外获能效果及体外受精率。     

钙离子载体及咖啡因对绵羊精子获能的影响

通过添加不同浓度(0.05、0.1、0.2、0.5、1、5、10μmol/L)的钙离子载体(A23187,IA)及2 mmol/L咖啡因,探讨不同作用时间其对绵羊精子体外获能的影响。结果发现,IA浓度越高,精子的体外获能率越高,顶体反应率越低,活力越低,死精子就越多;而延长作用时间对获能、顶体反应的影响不明显。IA和咖啡因共同作用后,咖啡因能够促进IA诱导顶体反应的发生。建议用IA诱导绵羊精子获能时,其浓度以0.05~0.2μmol/L为宜,作用时间1 min。     

茶叶微生物固态发酵中咖啡碱降解途径初探

为探究微生物作用下咖啡碱的降解产物与途径,将普洱茶发酵中筛选鉴定的Aspergillus sydowii NRRL250（聚多曲霉）、Aspergillus pallidofulvus NRRL4789、Aspergillus sesamicola CBS137324和Penicillium mangini CBS253.31等优势菌株分别接种至晒青毛茶进行单菌种固态发酵,并采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）测定咖啡碱、可可碱、茶碱的含量,探究微生物对咖啡碱代谢的影响;另外,基于UHPLC-QTOF-MS代谢组学技术,以灭菌处理组（ST组）和原料组（RM组）为对照,对聚多曲霉接种发酵样进行代谢组学分析。结果表明,A. pallidofulvus NRRL4789、A. sesamicola CBS137324和Penicillium mangini CBS253.31等优势菌株对咖啡碱等嘌呤类碱代谢均无显著影响,而在聚多曲霉接种发酵中,咖啡碱含量显著下降（P<0.05）,降幅达83.89%;茶碱含量显著增加（P<0.05）,发酵末期含量为(25.03±1.17) mg·g^-1;而可可碱保持基本稳定。由此可知,聚多曲霉对咖啡碱降解代谢有显著影响。采用UHPLC-QTOF-MS方法检出茶碱、3-甲基黄嘌呤、1,7-二甲基黄嘌呤等9种与咖啡碱降解相关的代谢物。在聚多曲霉作用下,茶碱、3-甲基黄嘌呤、1,7-二甲基黄嘌呤、7-甲基黄嘌呤含量显著提高（P<0.05）。茶碱、3-甲基黄嘌呤、1,7-二甲基黄嘌呤和1-甲基黄嘌呤与咖啡碱及其相关代谢物的N-脱甲基化途径相关。1,7-二甲基尿酸、1-甲基尿酸与咖啡碱相关代谢物的氧化途径相关。由此可知,聚多曲霉为降解普洱茶咖啡碱的优势菌株,且具有将咖啡碱转化为茶碱的潜在能力;在咖啡碱降解代谢过程中,存在聚多曲霉作用下的N-脱甲基化和氧化,并以N-脱甲基化为主。     

Effects of dietary caffeine on growth,body composition,somatic indexes,and cerebral distribution of acetyl‐cholinesterase and nitric oxide synthase in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), reared in winter temperature

This study aims at examining the effect of caffeine administration on growth, feed efficiency, and consumption of sea bream (Sparus aurata), reared in winter temperatures. Moreover, it is questioned whether caffeine has a central action in the brain and its effects are partly mediated via central brain mechanisms. For this, we studied the influences of caffeine treatment on the cerebral pattern of the cholinergic neurotransmission and the novel neuromodulator nitric oxide (NO), by means of acetyl‐cholinesterase (AchE) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) histochemistry. Five different diets containing 0.0, 0.1, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 g caffeine kg^?1 of diet were administrated to five groups of fish. Caffeine adversely affected sea‐bream growth at a concentration higher than 1 g kg^?1 diet and increased feed conversion ratio in the treatments of 2 and 5 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05). The daily consumption of feeds was similar to all groups, indicating that caffeine did not influence diet palatability. AChE‐ and NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry showed densely labeled cells and fibers mainly in dorsal telencephalon, preoptic, pretectal, hypothalamic areas, optic tectum, reticular formation, cerebellum and motor nuclei. When compared with matched caffeine‐treated animals, no differences in the histochemical pattern and cell densities of cerebral AChE and NADPH‐diaphorase were found.     

A Review on Decaffeination of Tea Products

Since caffeine possesses some well-unknown adverse effects,many attempts have been conducted to remove it from tea products,including selective extraction with different solvents,enzymatic degradation and inhibition the caffeine synthesis pathway.Reports showed that caffeine can be safely and efficiently removed from fresh tea leaves by hot water blanching,however this approach is not suitable for treating the rolled or dried leaves because of the unavoidable loss of catechins.Although microwave-enhanced vacuum ice water extraction can be used for decaffeination of dried tea,time consumption seems to be the main shortage of this method.Liquefied dimethyl ether might be used as another alternative solvent for selective extraction of caffeine from tea products because of its low toxicity and residum,but its decaffeination efficiency needs to be verified furthermore.It has been proved that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is an effective approach for removing caffeine from different types of tea products,while the application of the technique is always limited as its expensive equipments and high running costs.Decaffeination with microbe incubation or enzymatic digestion is highly hopeful since many studies showed that some microorganisms can degrade the caffeine through induced demethylase and oxidase under gentle condition in some model systems,unfortunately,this approach is far away from application since security and quality of the decaffeinated products are rarely concerned.Low-caffeine tea products can be easily produced through normal manufacture by using the leaves harvested from some low-caffeine cultivars which are derived through genetic modification or conventional breeding,but these germplasms are very limited.     

普洱茶渥堆发酵中可降解咖啡碱真菌菌株的筛选和鉴定

为了在普洱茶渥堆发酵中筛选出可降解咖啡碱的菌株,采用咖啡碱液体筛选培养基从不同阶段普洱茶发酵样中筛选目标菌株,结合菌落特征、分生孢子结构以及18 S r DNA序列对目标菌株进行鉴定。并将目标菌株接种至茶叶内进行单菌种发酵,通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定咖啡碱、茶碱、可可碱、3-甲基黄嘌呤等嘌呤碱含量。结果表明,在普洱茶发酵样中筛选出一株有效降解咖啡碱的菌株,此菌株在48 h内对咖啡碱的降解率为87.7%。经鉴定为聚多曲霉(Aspergillus sydowii),序列相似性为99.8%。在聚多曲霉茶叶单菌种发酵中,咖啡碱含量急剧下降,在发酵结束时仅占干物质重的(0.414±0.077)%;茶碱质量分数大幅度上升,由最初的不足0.1%上升至(2.129±0.246)%,成为主要的嘌呤碱;可可碱含量无显著变化(P0.05);3-甲基黄嘌呤有大幅度增加,增幅达130%。本文首次从发酵茶叶中筛选出可降解咖啡碱的菌株,探究了微生物发酵中咖啡碱的转化产物,为低咖啡碱普洱茶的开发提供了菌种。     

咖啡碱对茶树主要叶部病原真菌的抑制作用

研究了咖啡碱和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)对茶树主要叶部病原真菌生长的抑制作用。结果表明:咖啡碱对茶树4种主要叶部病原真菌(茶炭疽病原菌、茶云纹叶枯病原菌、茶轮斑病原菌、茶赤叶斑病原菌)具有显著的抑制作用,当培养基中咖啡碱质量浓度为1～10mg.mL-1时,抑制率为33.0%～100.0%,对4种病原真菌的有效中浓度EC50分别为0.917、1.860、0.937、1.889mg.mL-1;而EGCG在试验设计浓度下没有明显的抑制作用。为了筛选茶叶中的主要抑菌物质,将咖啡碱、茶粉、茶叶水提物、脱咖啡碱茶叶水提物和茶渣分别添加到PDA培养基中,在培养基上分别接种3种茶树叶部病原真菌(茶轮斑病原菌、茶炭疽病原菌、茶褐色叶斑病原菌),分析不同添加物的抑菌作用。结果表明:5种处理抑制率为-32%～70%,且5种处理对3种病原真菌抑制作用趋向一致,抑制作用大小依次为:咖啡碱、茶粉、茶叶水提物、脱咖啡碱茶叶水提物、茶渣。上述结果显示:咖啡碱是茶树叶部病原真菌的一种抗菌物质,儿茶素对茶树主要叶部病原真菌没有抑制作用,茶树叶片中咖啡碱的含量可作为评价茶树品种抗病性的一个指标。     

咖啡因Na_2─EDTA对不同辐射敏感性作物质膜过氧化的维护效应

本文研究了咖啡因和Ｎａ２─ＥＤＴＡ辐照后处理对大豆和油菜７日龄幼苗质膜过氧化水平的生物学效应。结果表明，随着辐射剂量的增加，细胞膜透性、丙二醛、脯氨酸含量和过氧化物酶活性增大，而超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶则先增大而后降低。辐照后，大豆幼苗质膜过氧化程度高于油菜。咖啡因、ＥＤＴＡ后处理降低了两种作物的细胞膜过氧化水平和丙二醛含量，提高了脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶，过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活性，减轻了辐射对细胞膜产生的损伤。咖啡因和ＥＤＴＡ后处理对油菜质膜的保护作用强于大豆，ＥＤＴＡ的作用效应强于咖啡因，咖啡因与ＥＤＴＡ复合作用协同效应不明显。     

茶树咖啡碱合成酶基因cDNA在烟草中的表达

为了在烟草中合成咖啡碱,将咖啡碱合成酶(Tea caffeine synthase,TCS)基因cDNA全序列克隆到双元载体pBI121中,通过农杆菌叶盘转化法将TCS基因成功转入烟草,结果得到72株转基因烟草植株。对其中3株转基因植株进行PCR检测和PCR-Southern检测,证实TCS基因已整合到基因组中;RT-PCR和Northern分析显示,TCS在这些植株中均能正常转录。用从转基因植株中提取的粗酶液进行体外酶促反应,能催化7-甲基黄嘌呤和可可碱向咖啡碱的转变,由此表明,转基因烟草植株中能产生具有正常生物学活性的TCS,但从3株转基因烟草中均未检测到咖啡碱。     

凤冈锌硒绿茶中7种儿茶素及咖啡因含量特征

采用HPLC方法同时测定了26个凤冈锌硒绿茶样品中7种儿茶素儿茶素(+C)、没食子儿茶素(GC)、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(GCG)、表儿茶素(EC)、表没食子儿茶素(EGC)、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG))和咖啡因(CAF)的含量。结果表明,凤冈锌硒绿茶中儿茶素总含量平均值为20.08%,其中EGCG含量最高;儿茶素平均品质指数为556;咖啡因的含量平均值为3.9%。该研究可为凤冈锌硒绿茶品质的进一步研究提供依据。