浅谈我省地方畜禽品种资源保护及开发利用

近年来，我省先后从国内外引进了20多个鸡种，10多个牛种、羊种和猪种等，因其高效而占领了我省市场。同时存在着盲目引种，品种多乱、杂等问题。伴随着少数高产畜禽品种的普及推广，使各地固有的许多品种资源迅速减少或消失。因此，针对陕西畜禽品种资源的现状问题，并结合近年来畜牧业生产中的实际状况，特就如何搞好地方畜禽品种资源的保护及开发利用提出建议与对策。     

RAPD技术对地方鸡种群体遗传结构的分析

利用ＲＡＰＤ技术对４个地方鸡种和１个引进鸡种的群体遗传结构进行分析，通过筛选的５个随机引物ＯＰＨ－０２、ＯＰＨ－０５、ＯＰＨ－１３、ＯＰＨ－１６、ＯＰＧ－０７对５个鸡种的池ＤＮＡ进行多态性研究，结果表明：５个引物共产生条带６１个，扩增产物片段的长度一般从１５０ｂｐ－４ｋｂ。     

中国山羊品种资源及其遗传多样性研究

本文论述了中国山羊的起源、品种遗传资源及其遗传多样性的研究进展。最新调查 显示中国的山羊品种达50个,其中43个为地方品种,4个培育品种,3个引入品种,许多品种 具有独特的生产性能或适应能力。大量研究表明,我国山羊遗传多样性较为丰富。     

利用微卫星标记分析贵州5个地方鸡品种遗传多样性

通过选用30个多态性较好的微卫星标记,检测了贵州省5个地方鸡品种:竹乡鸡、威宁鸡、黔东南小香鸡、高脚鸡、乌蒙乌骨鸡的遗传多样性。计算了各群体的平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间的DA遗传距离。结果表明:在5个品种中,杂合度最低的是高脚鸡,为0.501,杂合度最高的是竹乡鸡,为0.673,因此贵州各地方鸡品种的杂合度相差较大,据分析可能是由于交通闭塞,形成了家禽品种的多种多型,而且杂合度的高低与PIC值的大小体现了较高的一致性;用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,结果6个鸡品种被聚为3类:竹乡鸡、黔东南小香鸡和威宁鸡聚为一类,乌蒙乌骨鸡自聚为一类;高脚鸡独自聚为一类。这与几个鸡品种的来源、分化、选育历史及地理分布是一致的。     

Finding best exotic breed proportion in crossbred lactating sheep kept under farmers’ conditions in Ethiopia determined by use of nested Legendre polynomials with limited data

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to estimate milk production performance and fit lactation curves for groups of ewes of Local and of Awassi crosses, with a variable blood level, reared under farmer’s environment. The Weigh-Suckle-Weigh method plus hand milking was used to estimate milk yield for ewes. A total of 466 observations from 115 ewes were used. Estimated least-squares adjusted means for the milk production over 120 days were 0.56?kg day^?1 (Local), 0.67 (<30% Awassi), 0.86 (30–50% Awassi), and 0.96 (>50% Awassi). Groups with 30–50% Awassi and >50% Awassi ewes produced significantly (p?<?0.05) more milk than Local ewes. Significant differences were observed between <30% Awassi and >50% Awassi crossbred groups. The best crosses (>50% Awassi) produced over 70% more milk than the local ewes which demonstrates the potential that exists in increasing milk production through the initiated crossbreeding programme with sheep in Ethiopia.     

Analysis on Polymorphisms of Three CNV Regions in Five Pig Breeds

The paper was aimed to investigate the polymorphism of copy number variation (CNV) in different pig breeds.Three CNV regions of CNVR91,CNVR92 and CNVR143 were chosen from the porcine SNP60 chip genotyping results.The polymorphisms of three CNVs were determined by Real-time quantitative PCR method,taking five pig breeds as samples,including Yorkshire pig,Xiang pig,Kele pig,Nuogu pig and Rongchang pig breeds.The results showed that the dominant status of CNVR91 was loss in Xiang pig,while it was normal in other four pig breeds.The major type of CNVR92 was deletion in Xiang pig,Yorkshire pig,Kele pig and Rongchang pig breeds,with a high normal percent in Nuogu pig.For CNVR143,the dominant event was gain in Xiang pig and Nuogu pig breeds,but it was not diverse in other three pig breeds.These results indicated that three CNV regions emerged with polymorphism in five pig breeds,which might have effects on gene expression in CNV regions and physiological function by dosage effect especially in Xiang pig,Nuogu pig and Kele pig breeds.     

鄂通两头乌与通城猪肌肉中重要营养风味物质的比较

为比较鄂通两头乌与通城猪肌肉营养和风味物质的差异,分别对两群体背最长肌中氨基酸、脂肪酸、肌苷酸和硫胺素4类营养风味物质进行测定和分析。结果显示:通城猪肌肉氨基酸种类齐全,16种氨基酸总量为(19.42±1.31) g/100 g,必需氨基酸含量为(8.47±0.98) g/100 g,主要鲜味氨基酸含量为(6.80±0.46) g/100 g;脂肪酸种类丰富、营养风味价值高,饱和脂肪酸含量为43.04%±1.84%,不饱和脂肪酸含量为56.96%±1.84%,其中单不饱和脂肪酸含量为47.47%±2.63%,多不饱和脂肪酸含量为9.50%±2.50%,亚油酸含量达8.93%±2.36%。而其风味物质硫胺素和肌苷酸的值分别为(0.23±0.05) mg/100 g、(3.23±0.67) mg/g。鄂通两头乌肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸(12.08%±4.72%)、亚油酸(11.36%±4.44%)和硫胺素((0.23±0.05) mg/100 g)显著或极显著高于通城猪,上述其他性状与通城猪差异不显著(P0.05)。以上结果表明:鄂通两头乌和通城猪的猪肉均具有高营养价值和独特风味等特点,而且鄂通两头乌除保留了通城猪肉的营养风味外,多不饱和脂肪酸、硫胺素含量更高,值得进一步开发利用。     

我国地方鸡种遗传多样性研究进展

中国地方鸡种类繁多,研究地方鸡种的遗传多样性,不仅能加强生物多样性的保护,同时对起源、进化、分类鉴定及遗传育种等都有重要意义.分子生物学技术的快速发展为遗传多样性检测提供了更直接、更精确的方法,即直接通过分析DNA水平的序列变化检测动物遗传多样性,DNA分析方法已成为目前最有效的遗传分析方法,避免了根据表型性推断基因型时可能产生的误差.对近3年来中国鸡种在形态学水平、细胞学水平、蛋白质水平、DNA水平上的遗传多样性研究进行综述,为中国优质地方鸡种的培育和选育工作提供参考.     

内蒙农牧交错带家畜品种改良可行性分析——以克什克腾旗经棚镇为例

引入外来品种改良牲畜被作为干旱半干旱地区发展畜牧业的重要手段,但对其在生产基础差、严重依赖自然资源的小农户生产系统中的适用性却缺乏分析,因而,盲目推广改良可能危及牧民生计,进而导致生态破坏。以位于农牧交错带的内蒙古赤峰市克旗的家畜改良为案例,通过入户访谈,在识别其畜牧业生产系统约束条件的基础上,分析了家畜改良的效果、可行性条件及存在的问题。研究表明:在小农户生产系统中,家畜品种改良并不能提高限制性资源的生产率,而且增加了农户面临的生态风险和市场风险,改良是否可行取决于外部环境能否有效地改善其对限制性资源的利用及平衡风险,尤其是提供稳定的饲料和畜产品市场,以及良好的基础设施、技术及金融保障。     

The effect of breed, stage of lactation and parity on sheep milk fat CLA content under the same feeding practices

The cis-9, trans-11 C_18:2 (CLA) content in milk fat of four pure sheep breeds (Awassi, Lacaune, Friesland and Chios) was examined. All sheep were kept indoors all year round under the same feeding practices, without any grazing at all. Sheep nutrition was based on alfalfa hay and concentrates. A total of 237 individual milk samples were collected at three sampling times (December, January and March) from sheep of different parity and different days in milk, for CLA determination. The results showed that: (a) there was a large variation in milk fat CLA content among individuals consuming the same diet, (b) the CLA content of milk fat was lower in Friesland breed, compared to the other three breeds but without any significant difference among the four sheep breeds, (c) the CLA content of milk fat was not affected by ewes parity or days in milk, (d) there was a negative but not significant correlation between milk fat and CLA concentration, (e) the CLA content of milk fat was not correlated with milk yield. In conclusion, no others factors, such as breed, parity, days in milk, etc., can affect CLA content in milk fat, which means that the dietary ones remain the sovereign factors explaining the highest proportion of CLA content variability in sheep milk fat.