沼肥对苹果生物性状的试验初报

笔者对苹果施用沼肥后的生物性状进行了长达4a的对比试验研究，采取对比设计法，在叶、枝、花、果等器官的相关指标取得了极为明显的效果，在果业生产上有极好的推广价值。     

Mitigation of N2O emissions from grassland by nitrification inhibitor and Actilith F2 applied with fertilizer and cattle slurry

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is involved in both ozone destruction and global warming. In agricultural soils it is produced by nitrification and denitrification mainly after fertilization. Nitrification inhibitors have been proposed as one of the management tools for the reduction of the potential hazards of fertilizer-derived N₂O. Addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers maintains soil N in ammonium form, thereby gaseous N losses by nitrification and denitrification are less likely to occur and there is increased N utilization by the sward. We present a study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and of the slurry additive Actilith F2 on N₂O emissions following application of calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry to a mixed clover/ryegrass sward in the Basque Country. The results indicate that large differences in N₂O emission occur depending on fertilizer type and the presence or absence of a nitrification inhibitor. There is considerable scope for immediate reduction of emissions by applying DCD with calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry. DCD, applied at 25 kg ha^–1, reduced the amount of N lost as N₂O by 60% and 42% when applied with cattle slurry and calcium ammonium nitrate, respectively. Actilith F2 did not reduce N₂O emissions and it produced a long lasting mineralization of previously immobilized added N.     

Long-term application of animal slurries to grassland alters soil cation balance

Abstract. Soil samples from a 32-year grassland field experiment were taken from 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm soil depths in February 2002. Plots received annual treatments of unamended control, mineral fertilizer, three rates of pig slurry and three rates of cow slurry, each with six replicates. Samples were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), pH and Olsen P. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was calculated as a sodicity indicator. Mean ESP was generally greater for slurry treatments than the control, with a trend of increasing ESP with application rate. This was particularly marked for cow slurry. At 0–5 cm depth ESP increased from 1.18 in the control to 1.75 at the highest rate of pig slurry and 5.60 at the highest rate of cow slurry. Similar trends were shown for CEC, exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Olsen P. The build-up of soil P due to slurry applications, together with this combination of physical and chemical factors, may increase the risk of P loss to surface waters, particularly from soils receiving high rates of cow slurry.     

Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain

Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha^?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO₃^? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha^?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha^?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.     

猪粪沼液培养微藻系统中试试验

为实现猪粪沼液资源化的大规模应用,该研究以小球藻（Chlorella E2E）为试验藻种,开展了中试规模的\     

畜禽养殖粪水酸化贮存及氮素减损增效研究进展

畜禽粪水酸化贮存能够有效调控粪水贮存中微生物、环境与氮素间的作用关系,实现粪水氮素的减损增效,是一种具有广泛应用前景的关键技术。该研究系统综述了粪水酸化贮存中氮素的迁移转化机理,比较评价了常见酸化剂和不同酸化贮存工艺的应用效果,分析了酸化贮存技术对粪水氮素减损增效的影响。梳理总结得到：粪水酸化存储中氮素的迁移转化机制主要包括有机氮矿化、铵态氮固持、无机氮转化的抑制及硝化3个关键环节,可以依靠改变微生物作用和化学平衡状态实现氮素的减损;与其他酸化工艺相比,长期酸化工艺具有酸化效果更加稳定、应用范围较为广泛等优势;粪水酸化技术能够大幅降低NH3排放,以及部分N2O的排放,进而提高粪肥还田后土壤肥效,但不合理的酸化贮存技术及施用方式也会降低粪水肥效,甚至引起二次污染;未来应重点从氮素迁移转化路径的定量分析、复合酸化剂的开发、粪肥施用效果及风险的评估应对等方面进行深入研究。     

农村沼气村级服务网点现状调研与问题分析

文章现场调研了四川、贵州等12个省区34个县225个沼气村级服务网点的建设模式、建设内容及运行状况,并收集整理了1214户农户走访资料,初步了解了农村沼气村级服务网点的现状及服务效果,并分析讨论了目前村级服务网点运行中存在的问题.     

纤维素高效降解菌群构建及产酶底物优化

为促进堆肥腐熟、缩短堆肥周期,通过平板初筛及酶活测定,从腐烂竹子、玉米秸秆中获得4株酶活性较高纤维素降解菌并混合培养,得到理想组合Cro-2/Bam-Q/Bam-3/Bam-1,其内切葡聚糖酶(CX)、外切葡糖酶(C1)、β-外切葡萄糖苷酶(CB)及纤维素全酶(FPA)活性分别为12.54、14.65、7.71、11.98 U,均高于单一菌株酶活性。对混合菌群产酶底物优化结果表明,当沼渣与水稻秸秆11混合,麸皮为氮源时,可有效提高混合菌群产酶活性。     

太阳能与发电余热复合沼气增温系统设计

为了实现大中型沼气工程在北方寒冷地区的应用推广。该文针对北方寒冷气候特点,以哈尔滨双城市沼气工程为例构建了1套太阳能-发电余热中温厌氧发酵增温系统,阐述了该增温系统的设计原理,并对沼气发酵热负荷、发电机组余热回收利用率、太阳能集热装置热效率等关键参数进行了理论计算。计算得出该沼气工程全年平均每日热量的损失为6659.2 MJ,太阳能-发电余热中温厌氧发酵增温系统全年平均每日集热量为7017.6 MJ。通过对增温效果与该工程的热量损失进行对比,表明12、1、2月份系统需沼气发电机组额外提供372.2、369.4、208.3 kWh电量增温,其余月份系统可以实现发酵工程每日热量损失的补充,保证该工程的稳定运行。在8月份对示范工程的一次发酵罐体进行了增温效果测试,表明该增温系统在28 d左右可将该发酵罐内物料温度提升到中温发酵水平。该文为北方寒冷地区大中型沼气增温保温设备的配套建设提供参考。     

Critical drainage and nitrate leaching losses from manures applied to freely draining soils in Great Britain

Abstract. Pig slurry was applied by open-slot injection to experimental plots on a sandy loam site at ADAS Gleadthorpe, Nottinghamshire. Volume and distribution of over-winter drainage were adjusted through the use of rainfall exclusion covers or irrigation. The resultant slurry N leaching over the range of drainage values tested (up to 300 mm) could be satisfactorily described by curve-fitting, using a quadratic or exponential function. Initial simulations of slurry N leaching using the manure nitrogen decision support system manner (v. 3.0) compared poorly with the experimental data, predicting both earlier and greater amounts of nitrate leaching. However, the lack of fit could be explained by consideration of the likely ammonia emissions following slurry injection, the actual volumetric soil moisture capacity at the experimental site and the likely time delay for the nitrification of slurry N following application. Good agreement between modelled and observed data was achieved when these factors were taken into account. The manner model was used to simulate nitrate leaching beyond the range of drainage treatments tested in the experiments and the anticipated sigmoidal relationship between nitrate leaching and drainage was observed. The model was then used to study the effects of manure application timing and the likely impact on nitrate leaching, across the range of rainfall conditions found in Great Britain. Simulations for a range of manure types were undertaken, with manures applied at rates up to the limit of permitted N loading on freely draining sandy loams. Rainfall inputs for these simulations were based on long-term average climatic data. Results are presented for two contrasting manure types, cattle slurry and poultry manure, both of which are subject to controls in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) in Great Britain.