Red rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.) biotype susceptibility to postemergence-applied imazamox

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the level of imazamox tolerance in five red rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and four barnyardgrass (three Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and one Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritch) morphologically distinct biotypes collected from rice fields in northern Greece. The susceptibility of barnyardgrass biotypes to propanil was also studied. Red rice biotypes were not controlled by imazamox applied at 40 g ha⁻¹. In contrast, 80 g imazamox ha⁻¹ provided 56–84% red rice control (averaged across shoot number and fresh weight reduction). Not all barnyardgrass biotypes were susceptible to imazamox applied postemergence. However, propanil applied at 2.6 kg ha ⁻¹ controlled the E. crus-galli biotypes well, but propanil applied at rates of 2.6 and 5.2 kg ha ⁻¹ was not effective in reducing the shoot number and fresh weight of the E. oryzoides biotype. Propanil applied at 10.4 kg ha ⁻¹ reduced the shoot number and fresh weight of this biotype by 78 and 85%, respectively. In most cases, a linear equation ( y  = % of control, x  = g ha⁻¹) provided the best fit for regressions between red rice or barnyardgrass shoot number or fresh weight and imazamox rates. The results of this study suggest that postemergence application of imazamox is not effective against all red rice and barnyardgrass biotypes found in the rice fields of Greece and that significant variability regarding herbicide efficacy among biotypes might exist.     

抗草潜力不同的水稻品种混合种植对稗草的抑制作用

以秀水63（化感指数为0.24,竞争力弱）、PI312777（化感指数为0.61,竞争力强）、国稻1号（化感指数为0.55,竞争力强）为材料,采用盆栽试验和田间试验相结合的方法,研究了抗草潜力不同的水稻品种混种对稗草萌发和生长的影响。盆栽试验结果表明,PI312777和国稻1号对稗草萌发抑制作用显著,而秀水63对稗草萌发无抑制作用;秀水63与PI312777或国稻1号混合种植后,稗草的萌发均受到抑制。盆栽和田间试验均表明,在单种情况下,稗草的生物量在PI312777和国稻1号的试验小区均低于秀水63的试验小区。秀水63与PI312777、秀水63与国稻1号混合种植,稗草的生物量均显著降低。与抗草潜力高的水稻品种（PI312777和国稻1号）混合种植,在一定程度上能增强秀水63对稗草的抑制能力。     

旱涝胁迫条件下稗草对大豆植株含氮量及蛋白质产量的影响

稗草生长明显降低了大豆籽粒蛋白质产量及氮素向其籽粒中的分配比例,而显著提高了大豆茎、叶、籽含氮量及氮素向其茎、叶中的分配比例。这种影响在座荚期渍涝 鼓粒期干旱条件下最为突出;稗草对大豆籽粒蛋白质生产的危害在幼苗期—开花期的渍涝条件下显著减轻,而在任一时期的干旱条件下均明显加重,且在座荚期的渍涝处理中比在幼苗期—开花期的渍涝处理中大。不同时期、不同旱涝胁迫处理对大豆籽粒蛋白质产量的降低程度不同,其中旱害远大于涝害,后期旱害大于前期旱害,先涝后旱的危害大于先旱后涝的危害,旱涝结合的危害大于只旱或只涝的危害;开花期大豆最不耐涝,鼓粒期最不耐旱。     

我国稻区稗草对丁草胺抗药性现状

１９９１－１９９３年，对我国三大栽培类型稻区内９个监测网点的稗草抗药水平发展动态进行了系统的追踪监测。结果显示：我国稗草对丁草胺已产生了明显的抗药性。以ＬＣ５０和ＬＣ９０作为标准，最高抗性系数分别由１９９１年的２．９０和２．７９，上升至１９９３年的５．４２和１１．０４。在丁草胺连续使用８年以上地区，抗性水平呈急剧上升之势。稗草对丁草胺的抗性水平与连续使用时间呈正相关，而与ａ－淀粉酶活性抑制率呈反相     

Characterization of aryl acylamidase activity from propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli [L.] Beauv.)

The enzyme, aryl acylamidase, was characterized in propanil-susceptible and propanil-resistant barnyardgrass with respect to kinetic parameters, the effects of inhibitors, and the levels of activity in dark- and light-grown tissues. The enzyme reaction in the resistant tissue preparation proceeded linearly with time over a 5 h time course, while activity in the susceptible tissue preparation was 2- to 4-fold lower and the activity tended to decrease after 2 h. The apparent K_m values were 62.1 mmol L⁻¹ and 3.1 mmol L⁻¹ for the enzyme activity in the susceptible and resistant tissue preparations, respectively. Two herbicides (anilofos and piperophos), previously shown to synergize propanil injury against the resistant biotype, were found to be potent inhibitors of the in vitro aryl acylamidase activity.     

尖角突脐孢菌在温室环境下侵染稗草的致病体系研究

稗属（Echinochloa）杂草是全世界水稻等作物生产中的一类恶性杂草。人工除稗安全但费时费力，化学除稗高效但伴随农产品安全和环境相融友好方面的潜在风险。因此，寻求安全高效的除稗活性成分和施药技术成为国际上除稗剂发展的重要方向之一。在研究和开发生物除稗剂的技术体系中，满足高通量筛选安全、高效的除稗生防因子的温室检测体系是极为重要的支持平台，同样，生物除稗剂的田间科学施药技术亦应依据生防因子在稗草上致病和致害所需的最佳条件来制定。基于此，亟需探明生防因子侵染稗草致病的相关条件并建立快速有效的生防因子除稗效果温室检测体系和田间施药技术。本文系统研究了影响尖角突脐孢菌侵染稗草的相关因子，建立了稳定的温室环境下尖角突脐孢菌侵染稗草的致病体系。     

稗不同出苗时间和密度对机械直播水稻灌浆期根系特性的影响

为探讨机械直播稻田稗最佳防控时间,采用小区试验的方法,以人工除草处理为对照,研究稗不同出苗时间(水稻机械直播后0、7、14、21、28、35 d)和不同密度(1、3、5、7株·m^-2)对机械直播水稻根系特性以及产量的影响。结果表明,稗出苗时间和密度对水稻产量有不同的影响,稗草出苗时间越早或密度越大,水稻减产越多。当稗密度为1株·m^-2时,水稻机械直播后0~35 d出苗的稗均对水稻产量无影响;当稗密度为3、5、7株·m^-2时,在水稻机械直播后21 d内出苗的稗均随其密度增加而显著降低水稻产量,之后出苗的稗对水稻产量无明显影响。同时发现,产量显著降低后水稻的根系总根长、平均根系直径、根干重、根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积、根系氧化力和玉米素+玉米素核苷含量也均显著降低。上述水稻根系指标的降低可能是机械直播水稻与稗伴生后产量降低的重要原因。本研究为机械直播稻田稗草防控提供了理论依据。     

中国北方水稻与无芒稗化感作用研究

为了探寻中国北方栽培稻种资源是否对稗草具有化感作用,用改进的差时播种共培法对中国北方常见的37份水稻栽培品种与稗草(无芒稗)进行了室内幼苗化感作用初步评价。试验结果表明:北方栽培稻中存在对稗草具有较强化感作用的资源,与对照相比,各参试水稻品种对稗草幼苗的株高、根长、植株干重、根干重化感作用差异很大。其中1046,屉优35,TA/C4115,沈农315,TA/C418等品种对稗草幼苗具有较强的化感抑制作用;265-11,高优8等对稗草幼苗基本无化感作用;而265,265-2等对稗草幼苗具有促进作用。同时发现多数水稻品种对稗草根长抑制率高于对株高抑制率,对根干重抑制率高于株干重抑制率。     

稗草和水分胁迫对大豆地上器官氮素分配与积累的交互影响

稗草生长明显降低了大豆籽粒蛋白质产量及氮素向其籽粒中的分配比例,但显著提高了大豆茎、叶、籽含氮量及氮素向其茎、叶中的分配比例。这种影响在座荚期渍涝和鼓粒期干旱条件下最为突出;稗草对大豆粒蛋白质生产的危害在幼苗期一开花期的渍涝条件下显著减轻,而在任一时期的干旱条件下均明显加重,且在座荚期的渍涝处理中比在幼苗期一开花期的溃涝处理中大。不同时期、不同旱涝胁迫处理对大豆籽粒蛋白质产量的降低程度不同,其中旱害远大于涝害,后期旱害大于前期旱害,先涝后旱的危害大于先旱后涝的危害;开花期大豆最不耐涝,鼓粒期最不耐旱。     

Herbicidal and biological characteristics of a new benzenesulfonylurea compound K-11451 under submerged paddy conditions

The new benzenesulfonylurea K-11451, an α-hydroxy-β-fluoropropyl- compound, applied at 3–9 g ha ⁻¹, controlled annual and perennial weeds grown in submerged paddy soil under greenhouse conditions. It effectively controlled barnyardgrass at growth stages varying from pre-emergence to the five-leaf stage. The compound inhibited acetolactate synthase, I₅₀ values for the enzyme isolated from barnyardgrass and rice being 56 and 67 nM , respectively. K-11451 inhibited the growth of rice when it was transplanted at a shallow depth (0–1 cm) and water leaching from the paddy soil was high (3–5 cm per day). With a water depth of 3 cm, the compound appeared to move readily down into the paddy soil and had the relatively short half-life of 15.2 days under submerged paddy conditions. A mixture of K-11451 + mefenecet + daimuron (9 + 250 + 250 g ha⁻¹) controlled almost all weeds in the paddy field without injury to rice, so that the combination could be used as a ‘one-shot’ herbicide in rice culture.