面向多类型土壤有机碳定量反演的天基高光谱探测参数研究

星载高光谱仪器的光谱通道以及光谱分辨率和信噪比等核心参数设置直接影响土壤有机碳定量反演精度。本研究开展了卫星载荷光谱分辨率、信噪比、光谱特征波段对不同土壤类型有机碳反演影响的研究,提出了基于大气传输模型、光谱分辨率分析模型、信噪比分析模型、特征波段的提取分析模型以及偏最小二乘回归反演模型的面向不同土壤类型有机碳监测的高光谱卫星“地面–大气–仪器–观测–反演”全链路仿真分析方法,实现了土壤类型、大气效应、仪器特性参数、反演方法的耦合影响分析。结果表明：①3种类型土壤有机碳反演的最佳光谱分辨率均在10~20 nm。②不同土壤类型对观测的信噪比需求不同。对于Phaeozem的有机碳监测,较另外两种土壤有更高的信噪比需求。③在不同特征波段提取分析方法下所需的最佳光谱分辨率和信噪比一致。不同类型土壤光谱数据提取出的特征波段不同,其中反演效果最佳的土壤类型为Chernozem,特征波段数为26个,R²=0.826 5,RMSE=3.438 9 g/kg。④反演模型与仪器特性参数无耦合关系,同一类型土壤不同反演算法的最佳光谱分辨率和信噪比需求一致。⑤Chernozem有机碳最佳反演参数需求为光谱分辨率15 nm,信噪比大于506.66,特征波段提取数为26个;Kastanozem有机碳最佳反演参数需求为光谱分辨率17 nm,信噪比大于331.42,特征波段提取数为22个;Phaeozem有机碳最佳反演参数需求为光谱分辨率15 nm,信噪比大于432.51,特征波段提取数为19个。     

Automated identification of sugar beet diseases using smartphones

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) poses a high economic risk to sugar beet production due to its potential to greatly reduce yield and quality. For successful integrated management of CLS, rapid and accurate identification of the disease is essential. Diagnosis on the basis of typical visual symptoms is often compromised by the inability to differentiate CLS symptoms from similar symptoms caused by other foliar pathogens of varying significance, or from abiotic stress. An automated detection and classification of CLS and other leaf diseases, enabling a reliable basis for decisions in disease control, would be an alternative to visual as well as molecular and serological methods. This paper presents an algorithm based on a RGB‐image database captured with smartphone cameras for the identification of sugar beet leaf diseases. This tool combines image acquisition and segmentation on the smartphone and advanced image data processing on a server, based on texture features using colour, intensity and gradient values. The diseases are classified using a support vector machine with radial basis function kernel. The algorithm is suitable for binary‐class and multi‐class classification approaches, i.e. the separation between diseased and non‐diseased, and the differentiation among leaf diseases and non‐infected tissue. The classification accuracy for the differentiation of CLS, ramularia leaf spot, phoma leaf spot, beet rust and bacterial blight was 82%, better than that of sugar beet experts classifying diseases from images. However, the technology has not been tested by practitioners. This tool can be adapted to other crops and their diseases and may contribute to improved decision‐making in integrated disease control.     

高电源抑制比、低温飘带隙基准电压源的设计

采用TSMC 0.18μm CMOS工艺,设计了一种电源电压为3 V、基准输出为1.25 V的高电源抑制比、低温度系数的带隙基准电压源电路.Cadence Spectre仿真结果表明,该基准源具有较好的温度特性,在-40~125℃温度范围内,温度系数为3.5×10-6.℃-1;电源电压在2.7~3.6 V范围内波动时,电源电压调整率为72μV.V-1;具有良好的电源电压抑制特性,最高抑制比可达89 dB,在10 kHz处可实现45 dB的电源电压抑制比.     

Experimental use of polyamide bands in combination with intramedullary pinning for repair of oblique femoral fractures in rabbits

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of polyamide bands, manufactured for securing electrical cables, for repair of oblique femoral fractures in rabbits. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Twelve nulliparous, 21-25-week-old, California female rabbits. METHODS: Rabbits were divided into 3 groups (n=4) and studied for 14, 28, or 56 days. A Z-shaped mid-diaphyseal femoral osteotomy was repaired with a 2.5 mm intramedullary pin and a polyamide 6.6 cerclage band. Healing was evaluated at intervals by physical examination, limb use, femoral radiographs, and callus histology. RESULTS: Rabbits had early limb use with good wound healing. From the 1st day, movement of the hip and stifle joints was satisfactory. Radiographically, fractures were healed at 28 days. Histologically, there was no foreign body reaction and bone healing was normal. CONCLUSION: Nylon cerclage band application was accomplished easily, maintained reduction, and resulted in good healing and limb use. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Sterilized nylon bands, manufactured for electrical use, can be used for cerclage in rabbits.     

加拿大披碱草-野大麦三倍体杂种加倍植株同工酶分析

分析了加拿大披碱草-野大麦三倍体属间杂种F₁加倍植株的同工酶酶谱特征。结果显示:同一生育阶段杂种自然加倍植株与加倍F₁代植株在EST、POD和SOD酶带的数目、位点及强弱方面具有一致性和遗传稳定性,而与杂种F₁代及亲本的酶带表型差异显著,从酶蛋白分子水平证明该杂种F₁染色体加倍是真实的;加倍植株抽穗期旗叶的EST、POD酶谱中分别呈现9和4条酶带,分蘖期幼叶的EST、POD、SOD酶谱内分别呈现8、4和4条酶带,有多态性位点的特征酶带可作为杂种加倍后代育性恢复鉴定的遗传标记的候选位点;对供试材料不同生育阶段做同工酶酶谱对比分析,比单一生育阶段更能反映其酶带表型的遗传差异性,提高同工酶电泳技术鉴定结果的准确性。     

采摘机器人位置校正方法研究——基于无线传感网络和超带宽调频方法

超带宽雷达是新近出现的一种高分辨率雷达,当信号带宽和其发射中心频率的比大于0.25时,就被称作超带宽,带宽越大,雷达对目标的分辨能力越高。超带宽雷达具有高分辩能力,如果将其使用在采摘机器人定位导航系统中,可以有效地提高采摘机器人的定位导航精度和效率。为此,提出了一种基于无线传感网络和超带宽调频技术的采摘机器人位置校正方法,并以实际采摘环境作为研究对象,对采摘机器人的位置校正过程进行了测试。测试结果表明:采用超带宽调频无线传感网络方法,定位校正精度要高于传统的定位算法,且定位效率高,对于新型自动化采摘作业机器人的研究具有重要的指导意义。     

草坪种子品种快速鉴定技术研究 II几种冷季型草坪草过氧化物同工酶谱计算机分析

采用等电聚焦电泳技术对适于西北地区的几种冷季型草坪草种进行了品种真实性鉴定研究,并使用国际认证的计算机软件(ImageMaster1D)进行同工酶谱带分析,对检测结果进行了定性定量评定,充分表明了品种间基因多态性,证明此方法是草坪草品种鉴别的有效测定技术。     

施氮水平对多花黑麦草植株氮含量及反射光谱特征的影响

植株氮含量是评价牧草群体长势、估测产量和确定最佳施肥量的重要指标。对不同施氮水平下多花黑麦草植株氮含量及冠层反射光谱特征进行了测试,分析了冠层反射光谱与植株氮含量之间的相关性。结果表明,施氮水平对多花黑麦草植株氮含量具有显著影响,植株氮含量随着施氮水平的增加有所升高。在可见光区域,冠层光谱反射率随施氮水平的增加而降低。植株氮含量与单波段反射率呈负相关关系,在波段487～718 nm范围内,相关系数绝对值都大于0.5(P<0.01)。利用敏感波段估测植株氮含量最优模型为y=4.362-0.754x₅₇₉+0.351x₇₀₀。以植被指数估测植株氮含量最佳模型为y=3.026-0.670DVI_(610,487)+4.997NDVI_(700,579)。植株氮含量估测值与实测值之间存在显著相关关系。     

基于HJ-HSI数据的伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地生物量估测

以地面实测数据为依据,通过获取其同步HJ-HSI影像光谱反射率,筛选出光谱变量、波段变量,对不同利用状态的退化伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)荒漠草地(围栏封育区N,围栏外重度退化区W_1,围栏外中度退化区W_2)的地上生物量进行估测。结果表明,1)各季节不同利用状态伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地群落HJ-HSI光谱反射率不同,春季为W_2NW_1,夏季为W_2W_1N,秋季为W_1W_2N;2)HJ-HSI可以实现对伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地地上生物量的估测,估测模型因群落类型和季节不同而存在差异。春、夏、秋3个季节的估测模型,N分别由DVI、NDVI、620.225-627.895nm反射率平均值所构建,W_1分别由近红外波段(Rn)、656.305nm和776.8199nm反射率归一化值、MSAVI构建,W_2分别由652.09和732.01nm反射率归一化值、红外波段(Rr)、584.52-598.295nm反射率平均值构建。     

Differential Sensitivity of Rice Cultivars to Salinity and Its Relation to Ion Accumulation and Root Tip Structure

Abstract

Effects of NaCl on the growth, ion content, root cap structure and Casparian band development were examined in four rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars with different salt resistance (salt-sensitive indica-type IR 24 and japonica-type Nipponbare and salt-resistant indica-type Nona Bokra and Pokkali). Experiments were conducted to find the differences in salinity resistance during early seedling and developed seedling stages among the cultivars. For salinity treatment, sodium chloride (NaCl) was added to nutrient solution at concentrations of 0, 25 and 50 mM for 7 days from germination to the 7th day (early seedling stage) or from the 7th day to 14th day (developed seedling stage). Growth inhibition by salinity was more prominent in the early seedling stage than in the developed seedling stage. Based on the growth, the order of the sensitivity was IR24 > Nipponbare > Nona Bokra > Pokkali. The growth of NaCl-treated rice cultivars relative to control was significantly and negatively correlated with the Na⁺ content and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio in roots and shoots in both stages. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that the root cap tissues proliferated and extended to the basal part of the root tip by salinity. The length of root cap was, however, reduced by 50 mM NaCl in sensitive cultivars due to peeling off. An endodermal Casparian band was formed in the basal region of the root tip. Development of the Casparian band was more prominent in sensitive cultivars than in tolerant cultivars. Root cap proliferation might be related to NaCl resistance in rice seedlings, but the Casparian band may not function efficiently in Na⁺ exclusion. Essentially the present results suggest that exclusion of Na⁺ from roots plays a critical role in expression of Na⁺ resistance in rice seedlings and the root cap is important for Na⁺ exclusion.