New ways and new hopes for IGR development

Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) represent advanced, bio-rational insecticides. This Special Issue reflects progress in IGR development that has been enabled by insight into the molecular principles of biosynthetic or hormone signaling pathways. The unifying principle is aiming at processes and molecular targets that are unique to arthropods and ideally to narrower insect taxa representing pests or disease vectors. While some strategies of obtaining the desired compounds for chemical intervention rely on rational, structure-based design or computational power, others exploit technologies allowing automated, high-throughput screening of large chemical libraries. All avenues leading to selective and environmentally safe pest control are valid as we face the imminent threat of the declining world insect population.     

不同栽培密度对秋大棚黄瓜生育期及产量的影响

试验以黄瓜为材料,采用随机区组设计,研究了不同栽培密度对秋大棚黄瓜生育期及产量的影响。结果表明,当栽培密度为4000株/667m2时,产量和产值都达到最高。     

甘肃省河东地区主秋期降水量时空分布特征

利用甘肃省河东地区55个站30a的主秋期降水量资料进行经验正交展开(EOF)和旋转经验正交展开(REOF),分析其空间分布特征和异常类型;以平凉站为例分析了主秋期降水的时间变化规律和周期性;将河东地区主秋期降水量分为8个气候片。分析表明,河东地区主秋期雨量变化规律较为一致,空间分布不均,具有南多北少和东西多中间少的特点;多雨中心和少雨中心的多年平均值相差近200mm;主秋期降水年际变化较大,容易出现不同程度的旱或涝,并有9a左右的周期;20世纪40、60年代为相对多雨期,50、90年代为相对少雨期,70、80年代与平均值持平。     

羊群四季放牧要点

羊具有适应性强、吸收和消化性能好、能抵御外界病原微生物的入侵,非常适合进行放牧饲养。通过合理放牧不仅可节省大量的饲草成本,还可将牧草中粗纤维、蛋白质和能量进行很好的消化和系统,满足机体生长发育的需要。但是在放牧中应根据季节的变换合理进行放牧活动,不仅促进机体膘情增长、适时增肥、发情和配种,提高羊群繁殖能力,同时还可根据牧场面积科学放牧,达到保护牧场草原的目的。该文主要论述羊群四季放牧的要点。     

Effects of Alternative Molting Programs and Population on Layer Performance: Results of the Thirty-Fifth North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test

A study involving 7 white-egg and 3 brown-egg commercial layer strains was conducted at the North Carolina Piedmont Research Station to assess the effects cage population 3-bird vs. 4-bird cages and alternative molt programs on performance through 113 wk of age (791 d). The flock was divided into 3 groups; not molted (NM), maintained in continuous production; molted using feed restriction (FR), an industry-type 14-d feed withdrawal molting program initiated at 463 d of age; and molted using a nonfasted/anorexic program (NF), in which an ad libitum supply of a low protein, low energy molt feed was provided. Productivity, egg size, and egg quality were monitored at 28-d periods throughout the test providing the performance data for the white-egg and brown-egg strains with regard to these management factors. Detailed results by strain are available on the following Web site: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/poulsci/tech_info.html#layer. The performance for the 3-bird or 4-bird cage groups for either type of layer was similar, except that birds in 4-bird cages had higher feed consumption in the first production phase than did the birds in 3-bird cages. In the same time period the white-egg birds in the 3-bird cages had a greater percentage of cracked eggs and a smaller percentage of Grade A large eggs than those in 4-bird cages. No differences were observed in egg income for the 2 population sizes for either type of layer. However, due to their higher feed consumption, the white egg birds in the 4-bird cages had higher feed cost per hen for the first cycle, which was offset by the egg income component due to their increased production rate. The molted layers outperformed the nonmolted layers for both types of layers in terms of overall income over feed costs. The FR molted hens, under a program that has traditionally been used by commercial producers, outperformed NF-molted hens, indicating that further refinements are needed to make the NF program economically competitive with the FR molting program.     

辽西地区覆膜条件对不同土层土壤氮磷钾累积量的影响

为了探明覆膜技术对辽西半干旱区土壤氮磷钾累积量及其剖面分布状况的影响,本试验以农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站为研究平台,设置裸地种植、春季覆膜、秋季覆膜3种处理,通过对土壤剖面各层次全量氮、磷、钾的测定,定量分析辽西半干旱区覆膜条件下土壤全量养分含量及剖面分布差异,结果表明:不同覆膜处理对土壤全量氮、磷、钾累积量影响各不相同。2种覆膜处理可有效提高0～40 cm土层土壤全氮和全磷累积量,与裸地相比,春覆膜与秋覆膜处理可使土壤全氮提高34.4%和21.0%,秋覆膜处理可使全磷累积量提高17.0%。40～60 cm土层,裸地处理全氮、全磷累积量显著高于覆膜处理,其中全氮累积量较春覆膜处理提高65.7%,且为秋覆膜处理的2.16倍;全磷累积则表现为裸地种植比春覆膜和秋覆膜处理分别提高44.2%和39.4%。不同处理间全钾含量差异显著,总体表现为秋覆膜春覆膜裸地。3种处理土壤养分的剖面分布规律也各不相同,覆膜处理土壤全氮和全磷随剖面深度的增加呈逐渐减少的规律,而不覆膜处理则呈现先减少再增加的趋势;不同处理土壤全钾的剖面分布规律相似,即随剖面加深全钾含量均无显著变化,即使是表层土壤也未显示出全钾聚集的特征。     

秋施有机肥对土壤生物学、理化性状及玉米产量的影响

以黑龙江省海林农场白浆土为研究对象,在等氮量条件下（秋季有机肥配施来年春季无机肥）,设置100%有机肥（T₁）,30%有机肥+70%无机肥（T₂）,20%有机肥+80%无机肥（T₃）,100%无机肥（T₄）和不施肥（CK）5个处理,研究长期施肥对土壤生物学、理化性状以及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:玉米生育期内,土壤微生物数量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且施用高量有机肥有助于细菌和放线菌群落结构的形成,无机肥和不施肥适于真菌生长;有机无机肥配施处理在提高土壤酶活性方面占据绝对优势,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性始终显著高于其他处理,且有机肥较无机肥处理更能提高玉米生育期内土壤微生物生物量;有机无机肥配施可明显提高土壤全量和速效养分,培肥地力,单施效果稍差,且差异不大,而高量有机肥在降低土壤容重、增加总孔隙度百分比方面作用显著;两年玉米累计产量30%有机肥（T₂）最高,分别比100%有机肥（T₁）和100%无机肥（T₄）提高57.34%和4.59%,稳产并高产。总体来讲,30%有机肥+70%无机肥为最佳施肥模式。     

桃花源桃花品种资源及其特殊种质

桃花源现有桃花品种25个,具有花期较早、花期较长、花色淡雅、色调柔和、花型活泼等特点。其中,‘春蕾’、‘单二乔’、‘碗寿粉’为首次报道品种;‘单红’、‘单二乔’雌蕊败育,需冷量极低,流胶病抗性强,具有稳定的秋花特性,是早花、抗流胶病品种选育的良好亲本。     

Carbonic anhydrase and Na/K-ATPase activities at different molting stages of the giant freshwater prawn <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrobrachium rosenbergii</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   In the present study, the role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and Na/K-ATPase in the gill and epidermal tissues in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii was examined as a function of molting stage. CA activity levels in the front and back gills were low at the intermolt stage C₀, but increased significantly at premolt stage D₃, and then decreased after molting. In the epidermal tissue, activity levels decreased gradually towards premolt to a minimum level at stage D₃, but became elevated at postmolt stages A and B. Na/K-ATPase levels in the front and back gills did not change significantly during the molt cycle. CA in the gill is possibly involved in supplying counter-ions for ion uptake, while CA in the epidermal tissue may play a role in mineralizing the exoskeleton after ecdysis. Na/K-ATPase in the gills may function in ion uptake from the ambient medium; however, since its activity was not influenced by the molt cycle, it probably does not have a major role in osmoregulation in the freshwater environment.     

江西近55年秋季降水时空分布及异常环流特征分析

为了研究江西近55年秋季(9—11月)降水的时间空分布及其异常环流形势特征,利用1961—2015年共55年86个气象站逐日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,采用EOF、REOF分析、Morlet小波分析、趋势分析、M-K突变检验和合成分析等方法,研究江西近55年秋季降水的时间变化规律、空间分布特征及旱涝年的环流特征。结果表明:近55年来江西秋季降水呈弱增长趋势,在1981年、1984年和1987年发生突变,存在12~14年和2~4年的周期。空间场可分为全省一致型,南—北相反型和南北—中部相反型,其中全省一致型为主要空间分布形式。江西秋季降水可分为5个区域:一区(赣北中西部)、三区(赣中西部)和五区(赣中中东部)秋季降水呈增多趋势,二区(赣南)秋季降水呈减少趋势;四区(赣东北)秋季降水变化趋势较为稳定。5个区域秋季降水都存在2~4年左右的周期变化,还有多个区域都存在4~6年左右的周期变化,最长周期为14年左右。此外,江西秋季旱年,欧洲东部500 h Pa的大槽加强,江西850 h Pa处东北风距平中,降水偏少;反之,降水偏多。