黄花菜二倍体与四倍体植株的比较解剖学初步研究

研究材料为黄花菜（ＨｅｍｅｒｏｃａｌｌｉｓｃｉｔｒｉｎａＢａｒ）二倍体“长嘴子花”和同源四倍体“ＨＡＣ－大花长嘴子花”．研究结果表明：黄花菜植株的形态结构既有一般单子叶植物的某些特征，又有与其生活环境相适应的自身特点．四倍体与二倍体相比较，其器官巨型化，组成各器官的组织细胞也普遍随之增大，且其根尖分生细胞的核仁数，茎、叶和花瓣中的维管束数目也均增多，四倍体花粉粒明显大于二倍体，并常有异常花粉粒的产生．本文还对四倍体黄花菜高产优质与形态结构的相关性进行了讨论．     

黄花菜同源四倍体与二倍体形态及细胞遗传学分析

将二倍体黄花菜诱变成同源四倍体黄花菜，一般表现花蕾增大、增重，品质提高．本试验用秋水仙碱处理黄花菜“长嘴子花”组培中所形成的球状体，诱导成变异试管苗．经鉴定和选育，首次获得食用黄花菜同源四倍体新品系．该四倍体与二倍体在外部形态、产量性状、品质特性、细胞学及细胞遗传学特征上明显不同．     

水稻同源多倍体的研究策略

在同源多倍体水稻的研究中存在3大局限性,即思想观念的局限性、材料数量(或材料类型)的局限性和技术思路的局限性。在对同源三倍体水稻和同源四倍体水稻的研究中发现了值得注意的4种奇特现象,即同源三倍体水稻的结籽现象及其倍性的遗传稳定性、在异倍性水稻间的杂交后代中早世代性状稳定遗传的现象、在隔离条件下同源四倍体的胚自发现象和离子束注入后同源四倍体水稻单株的高结实现象。为了挖掘同源多倍体水稻的潜在利用价值,在今后的研究中有如下4条途径值得探索,即探索直接利用同源四倍体水稻的可能性、探索利用同源四倍体水稻杂种优势的可能性、探索以同源多倍体水稻为桥梁完成异源遗传物质转移和丰富水稻基因库的可能性及探索同源多倍体水稻特征特性的遗传规律。     

Comparison Between a Tetraploid Turnip and Its Diploid Progenitor（Brassica rapa L.）：The Adaptation to Salinity Stress

Polyploidy is pursued in plant breeding programs due mainly to its ability to yield larger vegetative or reproductive organs. In controlled growth chamber experiments, a tetraploid turnip (cv. Aijiaohuang, 4n) and its diploid progenitor (cv.Aijiaohuang, 2n) were evaluated for their tolerance to salinity stress via investigations on a group of physiological parameters. The results indicate that the tetraploid turnip exhibit better adaptation to a high concentration salt medium(200 mmol L-1), as evidenced by a less-affected germination rate and a healthier morphological appearance at the seedling stage. Furthermore, an extension of salinity stress up to a certain period of time at the 5-7-leaf stage shows differences between the tetraploid turnip and its diploid progenitor. The former had a higher K+/Na+ ratio in the roots, higher glutathione concentration and antioxidant activities in the leaves, and smaller reductions in photosynthetic capacity in terms of leaf chlorophyll content. Studies on the differences between an autopolyploid and its respective relative, from which the autopolyploid originated, in terms of their tolerance to salinity and/or other abiotic stresses, have remained rather limited. The comparison is interesting due to a homogenous genetic background.     

四倍体鲜食酸枣新品种‘珠光’

酸枣‘珠光’是采用田间愈伤途径免嵌合体纯化多倍体诱变方法,由‘邢台0604’酸枣经秋水仙素诱变获得的纯同源四倍体新品种。叶色浓绿,叶缘皱褶明显;果实大,近圆形,平均单果质量7.76 g;果肉较脆,酸甜,风味浓,鲜食品质优良;较抗缩果和裂果;早果,丰产;9月上中旬着色成熟。适宜在河北省献县、赞皇县、行唐县及生态条件类似区域栽培。     

植物同源多倍体化效应及桑树多倍体的研究进展

多倍体化是植物物种进化和提高适应性的一个普遍现象,对作物的经济性状有重要影响。现有的研究结果表明,植物同源多倍体加倍后第一代中,没有发现基因组结构和基因表达的重大变化,而同源多倍体的形成过程与环境变化有着种种联系。桑树多倍体在某些方面具有更高经济价值,在遗传育种和生产实际中得到广泛应用,桑树多倍体化后的机理研究将为认识多倍体现象和进一步开发利用提供证据。