海拔和坡向对色季拉山高山杜鹃凋落物分解的影响

为探究高寒森林凋落物在不同海拔和坡向的分解动态,以西藏色季拉山的高山杜鹃（Rhododendron simsii）凋落物为研究对象,在色季拉山设置3 500、3 700、3 900、4 100 m等4个梯度海拔以及西北坡（阴坡）和东南坡（阳坡）2个坡向,开展为期2年的凋落物掩埋试验,采用Olson模型明晰凋落物的降解规律,并结合木质纤维素的质量损失和土壤理化性质探究影响凋落物分解的因素。结果表明：不同海拔和坡向凋落物质量残留率均随分解时间增加而下降,分解2年后不同海拔的质量残留率为36.65%～75.99%;凋落物分解速度基本呈阴坡大于阳坡的趋势,其中海拔3 700 m阳坡处分解速度最快、半衰期和周转期最短;木质纤维素的质量损失也基本呈阴坡大于阳坡的趋势,且木质素分解程度最大,对凋落物质量损失的贡献超过50%;土壤中碳氮磷钾营养元素含量主要受坡向和凋落物分解时间的影响,在不同海拔间差异较小;海拔、坡向、分解时间及其交互作用均对凋落物分解有显著影响（P<0.01）,土壤含水率和碳氮比也是影响凋落物分解的重要因素。本研究可为高寒森林凋落物分解规律及影响因素提供理论依据。     

不同水肥模式的水稻叶面积修正系数试验研究

叶面积修正系数直接决定着长宽修正系数法测量叶面积的精确程度.为探讨水肥模式对水稻叶面积修正系数的影响,基于水稻实测叶面积及叶片长、宽数据计算叶面积修正系数,并分析其变化规律.结果表明,各处理生育前期水稻叶面积修正系数接近或超过经验值0.75,中期较小,抽穗开花期略有上升并稳定至0.7左右.常规灌溉处理上层叶片叶面积修正系数较控制灌溉大,叶片更加细长.不同肥料处理中,控释肥处理叶面积修正系数普遍偏低;常规肥及实地肥处理在生育前期可以采用经验值进行叶面积计算;抽穗开花及以后各生育期,各处理均可采用相同的叶面积修正系数;生育中期各处理叶面积修正系数较低.     

鸡公山国家级自然保护区植物群落季相及其景观节奏

研究了鸡公山国家级自然保护区乔、灌植被的季相变化。结果表明,一年四季中,春花、夏绿、秋色、冬季枯黄,每个季节阶段都具有典型的植物物候形态组合与色彩组合,独特的季相特征为植物景观的持续开发利用提供了科学依据。     

Forest recovery after clear-cutting in Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis) plantations of North China

In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis). This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of recruits during the natural recruitment. Both plot survey and the spatial point-pattern analysis were performed. Five developmental stages of natural recruitment were selected and studied, including 1 year before and 2, 5, 8, and 11 years after clear-cutting. Different slope aspects were also included. Natural recruitment was always dominated by Chinese pine with a proportion of higher than 90%. For plots of 1 year before clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, recruit densities were 7886 and 5036 stems/hm2, the average heights were 0.78(±0.85) and 1.06(±1.15) m, and the average diameters at breast height(DBH) were 3.21(±1.38) and 2.91(±1.38) cm, respectively. After clear-cutting, recruit density was initially increased, then it was gradually declined with time; however, the variation of average DBH was contrary to that of recruit density. Both of them were no longer varied between 8 and 11 years after clear-cutting. The average height of recruits continued to increase after clear-cutting. For the plots of 11 years after clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, average heights of recruits reached 2.00(±1.14) and 2.24(±1.20) m, respectively. The statuses of recruits on north-facing slopes were better than those on east-facing slopes after clear-cutting. Meanwhile, recruits on east-facing slopes were always aggregated at small scales, while spatial pattern of recruits varied with time on north-facing slopes. Moreover, forest was recovered more quickly by natural recruitment than by artificial afforestation after clear-cutting. The structural diversity was higher in naturally regenerated forests than in plantations of the same age. Our results demonstrated that clear-cutting of Chinese pine plantations recovered by natural recruitment has the potential to be an effective approach for establishing multifunctional forest.     

坡向与植物群落对水蚀风蚀交错带土壤有机碳氮的影响

以黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟流域内的1个支沟为对象,通过植被调查和采样分析,研究了坡向和植物群落类型对土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量、碳氮比(C/N)和有机碳氮密度(SOCD、TND)的影响。结果表明:(1)坡向对0—20cm土壤SOC和TN含量及0—60cm C/N均有显著影响。SOC、TN含量及C/N分别表现为:半阴坡半阳坡沟头半阴坡半阳坡=沟头及半阳坡半阴坡≥沟头的趋势;(2)植物群落对0—10cm SOC和TN含量及0—20cm C/N均有显著影响。半阴坡分布的3种豆科群落达乌里胡枝子、紫花苜蓿及白花草木樨间土壤碳氮差异不显著,但均显著高于禾本科的长芒草群落;半阳坡分布的达乌里胡枝子和紫花苜蓿群落SOC和TN含量相当,均显著高于茵陈蒿群落(菊科)和长芒草群落;沟头的达乌里胡枝子群落SOC、TN显著高于长芒草。豆科草本植物更有利于促进土壤碳氮的积累;(3)坡向主要影响表层0—20cm SOCD和TND,其对60cm剖面SOCD和TND贡献率分别为45%～55%和47%～53%。不同植物群落下土壤表层及整个剖面SOCD和TND均有显著差异。研究支沟内SOCD平均为2.13kg/m2,远低于黄土高原其他地区。上述结果对于水蚀风蚀交错带土壤碳氮储量的精确评估及植被合理建造有一定指导价值。     

Restoration of Gypsicolous Vegetation on Quarry Slopes: Guidance for Hydroseeding under Contrasting Inclination and Aspect

The establishment of gypsicolous vegetation of high conservation value on land impacted by quarrying requires restoration measures to overcome constraints imposed by the new landforms created in the process. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of three standard hydroseeding methods to restore gypsicolous vegetation on quarry spoil slopes under a dry Mediterranean climate. The treatments were as follows: paper cellulose mulch, paper cellulose mulch + organic blanket, and wood fibre mulch, compared against a control. These treatments were tested on two slopes (10–15% vs 60–65%) and two contrasting aspects (north vs south). We evaluated the cover of all plant species 2·8 years after treatment, assessing both target gypsicolous species and non‐target species. Our results showed strong compositional and cover differences between hydroseeded and control plots. Control plots had a low cover of target species with a vegetation composed of early‐successional species that had the potential to hinder target species establishment over time. All hydroseeding treatments improved target vegetation cover, with wood fibre performing best in most situations studied here, alternatives being the cheaper but less effective paper mulch on shallow slopes, or the more expensive paper mulch + blanket on steep slopes in case of high erosion risk. Shallow and southern‐steep slopes were more suitable for the recovery of gypsum vegetation by hydroseeding, compared to northern‐steep slopes where non‐target species developed more readily outcompeting target species. These results will help to guide management decisions to restore gypsicolous vegetation by hydroseeding in disturbed gypsum habitats. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土地整理项目实施后影响评价

土地整理项目后评价是土地整理事业可持续发展的重要条件,在经济、社会、生态等效益分析的基础上,土地整理项目的社会影响日益受到关注。选取重庆市19个已实施的土地整理项目组成评判对象集合,在跟踪调查和资料梳理的基础上,将AHP、熵权法与模糊综合评判方法相结合对项目实施后的社会影响进行了分析。结果表明,重庆市土地整理项目的实施取得了一定社会效果,但并不显著。分析认为,调整完善目前土地整理的政策安排必要而迫切。     

坡向和坡位对小流域梯田土壤有机碳、氮变化的影响

坡向和坡位是影响土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）变化的两大重要地形因素。研究其对小流域梯田SOC和TN变化的影响,对预测黄土高原地区坡改梯条件下土壤碳汇变化具有重要意义。本文以黄土丘陵沟壑区高泉沟小流域为例,区分东、西两种坡向,再根据海拔区分上（2220～2326 m）、中（2130～2220 m）、下（1938～2130 m）三种坡位,共采集213个土壤样品,研究坡向、坡位对梯田耕层（0～20 cm）SOC和TN的影响。结果表明,西向坡SOC和TN含量分别比东向坡高22.8%和13.6%（p0.1）,东西向坡的中、下坡位SOC和TN含量均大于上坡位。在西向坡,SOC含量下坡位（8.78 g/kg）最高,中坡位（7.82 g/kg）次之,上坡位（7.46 g/kg）最低;与上坡位相比,中坡位和下坡位的TN含量提高了12.1%,24.2%。在东向坡,SOC含量中坡位（7.15 g/kg）最高,下坡位（6.28 g/kg）次之,上坡位（5.37 g/kg）最低;与上坡位相比,中坡位和下坡位的TN含量提高了37.3%,29.4%。坡向与坡位的交互作用对流域SOC的空间分布影响显著（p0.1）。坡向、坡位对土壤碳氮比值（C/N）也有显著影响（p0.1）。这一结果对准确估算流域梯田SOC和TN的变化提供了参考。     

一种基于解耦旋转锚框匹配策略的谷粒检测方法

【目的】基于计算机视觉技术建立水稻考种中谷粒计数与粒径的检测方法,节省考种人力成本,提升效率,有利于数字化育种体系建立。【方法】通过对比基于 YOLOv5l 骨架结构的水平框目标检测策略与基于 ResNet101 和 DarkNet53 骨架结构的旋转框检测策略,同时比较旋转框检测策略预测的水稻谷粒长宽比值与实际测量值之间的差异,验证该方法的可行性。【结果】旋转框的目标检测模型计算得到的水稻谷粒长宽比与实测值无显著差异,两者的均方根误差为 0.91~2.29;而水平框的目标检测模型计算的长宽比显著小于实测值,且均方根误差值（9.38~9.45）比旋转框的目标检测模型更大。基于水平框的目标检测策略与基于旋转框的检测策略在谷粒计数的精度几乎相当,但水平框检测模型无法实现水稻谷粒长宽比的准确计算,而使用旋转框的目标检测策略能够较为准确计算谷粒长宽比。【结论】基于解耦旋转锚框匹配策略可对水稻谷粒进行准确计数,相比传统水平框的目标检测策略,可降低检测中的背景噪声和密集堆积物体的漏检情况,同时快速准确计算水稻谷粒长宽比。该方法可以进一步应用到水稻品种识别中的谷粒长短和大小的计算,以及种子质量检测及品种鉴定等数字化育种场景中。     

Two-compartment models for describing temporal variation in the effective leaf area index of Robinia pseudoacacia stands on the Loess Plateau

Leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter in many ecological models and its phenology significantly affects on net ecosystem production in deciduous forests. We examined trends in LAIe (effective leaf area index) using two-compartment models to test effects of stand age and slope aspect on seasonal rates of LAIe increase (k₁) and decrease (k₂). LAIe measurements were acquired from 24 sample plots over five months and used to develop robust predictive models for modeling LAIe dynamics. Generally, the stands’ k₁ values were substantially greater than their k₂ values. The LAIe increased rapidly between leaf emergence and saturation, and then lower slowly from leaf saturation to senescence. The strongest increase in LAIe was observed in 11- to 15-year-old stands on shady slopes (k₁ = 4.76) and in young stands (<10 years) on sunny slopes (k₁ = 3.94), but k₂ values were largest in mature stands. The trees on shady slopes generally had higher k₁ and lower k₂ values than those on sunny slopes, except in the youngest stand. The results showed that two-compartment models can robustly describe leaf growth and loss rates in black locust stands, and that both stand age and aspect both strongly affect the rate and magnitude of changes in LAIe during the growing season. Hence, the two-compartment model is recommended as an effective method when monitoring the LAIe quantitative dynamics of broad-leaved forest.