果树花药采集机的设计

果树有自花授粉不结实或结实率低的特点,严重影响北京地区果树生产。若实施果树人工辅助授粉需要进行花粉的制作,其中一个重要环节是花药的采集。为提高花药采集工作效率,节约采集成本,设计出一种构造简单、操作方便、花药采集率高和机械性能稳定的花药采集机。经过样机试验表明,机具可使花药的采集相对手工操作节省成本9 6.3%,工作效率提高9 5.8%。     

不同硼营养下甘蓝型油菜体内游离氨基酸成分变化分析

本文研究了不同供硼水平（缺硼、正常供硼、硼过量）对油菜幼苗叶片及花药内游离氨基酸成分的影响。实验结果表明，缺硼和硼过量都会造成植株生长异常，幼苗干物重显著下降，植株幼苗叶片与花药内蛋白水解酶的活性升高，而游离氨基酸总量增加，同时，氨基酸的组分也发生了明显的变化。不适宜供棚（缺硼、硼过量）使幼苗叶片内辅氨酸含量明显升高，与之相伴随的是一些氨基酸含量的下降，而花药内脯氨酸含量有所减少。     

Breeding for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat—Progress and challenges

Fusarium head blight is among the most extensively studied fungal diseases of wheat and other small grain cereals due to its impact on yield and quality, but particularly due to its potential to produce mycotoxins, which are harmful to humans and animals. Since our last comprehensive review on QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection for FHB resistance in wheat in 2009, numerous studies have been conducted to identify, validate or fine-map resistance QTL. The main aim of this review is to update and summarize findings on FHB resistance breeding of wheat published during the last decade. Furthermore, we compiled a user-friendly table listing FHB resistance QTL data providing a valuable resource for further FHB resistance research. The role of morphological and phenological traits on FHB resistance and possible consequences for resistance breeding are discussed. This review concentrates current knowledge on breeding for FHB resistance and suggests strategies to enhance resistance by deploying molecular breeding methods, including marker-assisted and genomic selection.     

几种茄科作物花药结构与开裂方式的初步研究

本文用比较解剖学方法,对茄子(Solanum melongena L.)、马铃薯(S.tuber-osum L.)、番茄(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)、辣椒(Capsicum annuumL.)、烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)及药用植物曼陀罗(Datura stramonium L.)6种茄科作物的花药结构与开裂方式进行了观察。结果表明:花药结构的共同特征是,花药横断面观察,最初的孢原细胞为新月形,成熟时4个药室均呈马蹄形。花药组成各具特点。马铃薯、辣椒、曼陀罗等作物绒毡层分别来源于外侧壁细胞和内侧药隔组织,并具有二型性。观察发现:除个别材料外,花药开裂均伴有纤维层细胞产生,其数量多少和存在部位决定于开裂的程度和开裂方式。开裂程度以茄子<马铃薯<番茄<烟草<曼陀罗<辣椒为序;开裂方式为茄子孔裂、马铃薯孔裂兼局部纵裂,番茄内侧纵裂,烟草、曼陀罗和辣椒为侧部纵裂。观察还发现:前述的几种茄科作物花药开裂机理,除具纤维层状细胞为开裂的动力,裂口处的薄壁异形细胞为开裂最薄弱位点外,还注意观察了随着花药发育,在同侧药室间壁具有特异细胞群,发生一系列变化,开裂前自行瓦解消失,产生“断裂层”现象,使两药室彼此勾通。这种断裂现象有利于花药的开裂。     

The male fertility of primary and further generation dihaploids ofSolanum tuberosum

Summary Male sterility in dihaploids ofSolanum tuberosum is often a barrier to their utilization in breeding and genetical studies. Although the male fertility of primary dihaploids (obtained directly from tetraploids) was generally low, a few were produced by the author which produced seed when used as pollen parents on female fertile dihaploids. The population of further generation dihaploids (from dihaploid intercrosses) produced from the showed a marked improvement in male fertility. Comparative data from measurements of different aspects of male fertility in dihaploids are presented. These showed that the weight of pollen per anther, the percentage of (iodine) stainable pollen and the number of seeds per berry were greater in further generation dihaploids than in primary dihaploids. It is suggested that interspecific crosses using dihaploids are not necessarily useful for increasing male fertility in diploid potatoes. The advantages of breeding at the diploid level withinS. tuberosum are discussed. Rare male-fertile dihaploids could be used to generate diploids with a high frequency of male fertility. These could then be used to cross with any other flowering dihaploids to combine characters at the diploid level, so exploiting the simpler genetic ratios associated with disomic inheritance.     

水稻二核期花药蛋白质组差异与花粉败育的相关性

对红莲型细胞质雄性不育水稻小孢子发育二核期花药总蛋白质进行双向电泳分离,通过考马斯亮蓝染色,获得分辨率和重复性较好的双向电泳图谱。采用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱鉴定12个蛋白质点,液相色谱质谱/质谱联用技术鉴定另外7个蛋白质点,这些蛋白质分别参与糖类物质的合成及代谢(5个点)、蛋白质生物合成及代谢(3个点)、转录(2个点)、次生代谢产物合成(2个点)、信号转导(1个点)、细胞疾病和死亡(1个点)及未知功能蛋白(5个点)。除1个蛋白酶亚基(点9)仅在不育系中表达外,其他18个蛋白质点在不育系中缺失或表达量降低,因而花粉发育过程中糖类及蛋白质的正常积累受到影响,与花粉不能正常发育密切相关。     

湖北光周期敏感核不育水稻农垦58s花药中的某些生化代谢特点

湖北光周期敏感核不育水稻农垦58s单核早期的不育花药的线粒体呼吸速率和LOX活性分别较可育株低11.9％和5％,而单核晚期相应较可育株低18.4％和17.3％。花药发育从单核期至三核期,可育花药的AsA和GSH含量增高,而不育花药仅分别相当于可育株的35—55％和22—32％,并有脂质氢氧化物积累。随着花药发育,可育花药的AsA-POD,GR和6-GPDH活性逐有增高,至三核期达到最高。而不育花药,随花粉败育,在单核早期至三核期,AsA-POD,GR和6-GPDH活性逐渐降低,至三核期,其活性分别为可育株的26％,22％和19％,不育花药的ME和MDH活性亦较可育株低。IDH活性在单核晚期为可育株的47—80％。细胞还原势低是不育花药特征之一。低的还原势可能导致活性氧代谢失调和花药不育。     

Multiple Avenues to Gender in Strawberries

ABSTRACT

Common strawberry cultivars are hermaphrodites, producing both anthers and pistils in their flowers. However, octoploid Fragaria species are trioecious and different genotypes can be female with pistillate flowers, hermaphrodites, or males with staminate flowers. One female selection, F. virginiana High Falls 22 and three hermaphrodite selections, N8688, RH23, and Montreal River 10 were hybridized with five June-bearing cultivars. Seedlings of each family were planted in Ontario and Michigan. Two F. chiloensis selections Pigeon Point (female) and FRA1267 (hermaphrodite), were hybridized with 14 F. virginiana selections. Seedlings from each family were planted in Ontario and Minnesota. In all progeny, the presence or absence of anthers was recorded and a subjective scale used to estimate the percentage of fruit set (1–10 representing 10% intervals). Also, FRA1267 was crossed with one F. × ananassa selection and the progeny intercrossed and grown in Ontario. In the sib-crosses gender was recorded. In two female parents, the female progeny had on average a higher fruit set than the hermaphrodite progeny. F. virginiana genotypes varied in their fruit set, which suggested that there are a number of alleles involved in the fertility of hermaphrodites. In crosses, FRA1267 produced 80% females when used as a female parent and 100% hermaphrodites when used as a male parent. It is thought that the trait is inherited cytoplasmically or that the F. chiloensis alleles involved are epistatic when F. virginiana or F. × ananassa is used as a male parent.     

γ射线诱变烟草花药培养的突变体

本研究利用~(60)Coγ射线辐照烟草单核靠边期的花药,诱导培养突变体。结果表明,1kR左右的γ射线对花粉的出苗率有促进效应;3kR时,花药出苗时间延长,出苗花药率和花药产苗率明显降低,视为半致死剂量;6kR时,虽有部分花药可以出苗,但花药产苗率极低。诱变处理当代出现白花突变体,其后代的品质比亲本品种有明显改善,但抗病力下降。经试验,该突变系在生产上有实用价值。