采后ASM诱导处理对鸭梨果实黑霉病的控制

 Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) 是重要的植物抗病基因诱导剂。鸭梨果实经过负压渗透ASM诱导处理后接种黑霉病(Alternaria alternata) 。结果表明, 0.5 mmol·L ^{- 1} ASM能有效抑制鸭梨果实损伤接种病害和自然侵染病害的发生。ASM处理果实具有较高的苯丙氨酸解氨酶( PAL) 和几丁质酶(CHT) 活性, 积累了较高水平的H₂O₂ 和酚类物质。离体试验表明, ASM不对病原菌生长产生抑制作用。ASM处理对果实病害的抑制作用可能与其增强了果实抗性系统有关。     

Microscopic detection of reactive oxygen species generation in the compatible and incompatible interactions of Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype and host plants

 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was examined in the interaction of Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype and host plants using three methods: nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) method for microscopic detection of O₂ ⁻, diaminobenzidine (DAB) methods for microscopic detection of H₂O₂, and cerium chloride methods for ultrastructural detection of H₂O₂. ROS generation was detected by NBT and DAB methods at appressoria on leaves of susceptible cultivars and heat-shocked leaves of resistant cultivars but not in leaves of resistant cultivars. Ultrastructural detection by the cerium chloride method identified ROS generation at cell walls of appressoria and penetration pegs in susceptible, resistant leaves and heat-shocked leaves. These differences in the ultrastructural and microscopic data in resistant areas were due to the restriction of ROS generation in limited areas, the side facing the plant surface, of appressoria and penetration pegs. Therefore, ROS generation was apparently induced regardless of the resistance or susceptibility of the cultivar with the difference being in the volumes generated. After evaluating the pathological role of ROS generation in fungal structures, such generation was found to be associated with early penetration of cell walls in pear plants. Additionally, ROS generation in plants was also found in degrading pectin layers near infected hyphae and in plasma membrane modification sites in susceptible leaves but not in resistant leaves. ROS generation in susceptible leaves might be accompanied with plasma membrane damage, although the role of ROS generation in the pectin layers is not clear. ROS generation in both fungal and plant cells during their interaction was likely associated with the expression of susceptibility. Received: June 3, 2002 / Accepted: July 31, 2002     

苹果感染斑点落叶病菌后几种酶活性的变化

研究了苹果品种秦冠(高抗)和富士(高感)接种斑点落叶病菌(A lternaria a lternata f.sp.m a li)后叶片内5种酶活性的变化。结果表明,苹果接种斑点落叶病菌后超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)变化趋势相似,都是先升高后降低;苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化差别较大,秦冠的POD活性峰值是富士的182%,PAL活性峰值是富士的478%,均达到极显著差异。初步认为PAL和POD在抗斑点落叶病中有很大的作用。     

抗柑桔褐斑病菌和炭疽病菌宽皮柑桔种质的筛选

由交链格孢菌Alternaria alternata和胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides侵染引起的柑桔褐斑病和炭疽病是重庆万州地区红桔的主要真菌病害。为筛选适合万州地区发展的柑桔品种,采用离体叶片室内人工接种和病情指数抗性评价方法探讨了16份宽皮柑桔种质对柑桔褐斑病菌和炭疽病菌的抗性。结果表明：对于柑桔褐斑病菌,不知火桔橙、W?默科特、春见桔橙和温州蜜柑为高抗种质;对于柑桔炭疽病菌,不知火桔橙、W?默科特、蔓生红桔和苏红为高抗种质。综合考虑,重庆万州地区可选择抗病性较强的鹅蛋红桔、福桔、安江红桔、不知火桔橙和W?默科特等宽皮柑桔进行品种替换和提升。     

Harpin处理对苹果梨黑斑病的抑制及抗性酶的诱导

研究了采后Harpin真空渗透处理对苹果梨(Pyrus bretschneideri‘Pingguo’)损伤接种互隔交链孢(Alternar-ia alternata)的影响及部分机理.结果表明:用50、100和150 mg/L的Harpin处理均可明显抑制损伤接种果实的发病率,其中以50 mg/L Harpin的效果最好.此外,该浓度处理还明显降低损伤接种果实的病斑面积.苹果梨经50 mg/LHarpin处理再用(A.alternata)挑战后果实体内的过氧化物酶(POD)、几丁质酶(CHT)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性明显升高,酚类物质的含量也显著积累.由此表明,Harpin对苹果梨黑斑病有效抑制与诱导果实体内这3种抗性酶的活性以及提高酚类物质含量密切相关.     

木霉拮抗烟草赤星病菌菌株的筛选及其生防机制

 利用诱捕法从土壤中分离得到18株木霉(Trichoderma spp.)菌株,采用对峙法从中测定、筛选出一株对烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata)具有极强拮抗作用的菌株(Tv－1),光学显微镜及透射电镜观察结果表明,Tv－1菌株的生防机制主要为生长竞争、重寄生作用以及产生生物活性类物质使病菌菌丝消解的直接抗菌作用,表现为Tv－1菌株菌丝生长迅速;能附着、缠绕于病菌菌丝上,并产生吸器侵入菌丝;同时还能分泌使病菌菌丝原生质浓缩、断裂、消解的物质。     

中草药提取物与杀菌剂复配对烟草赤星病菌的抑制效果

为减少化学农药的使用,降低农药的残留,提高对烟草赤星病的防效,选用中草药甘草和穿心莲提取物分别与杀菌剂40%菌核净和80%代森锰锌进行复配,采用生长速率法测定复配剂对烟草赤星病菌的抑制作用,并判断其复配后是否具有协同增效作用。结果表明:4种组合中甘草提取物与40%菌核净复配,穿心莲提取物与40%菌核净复配都具有明显的增效作用,其共毒因子分别为100.56和95.87;实际抑菌率分别为100%和97.62%,此2个组合的中草药提取物与杀菌剂体积比为1∶9时增效作用较显著。     

链格孢菌代谢产物的抑菌活性

采用室内生物测定方法对链格孢菌代谢产物的抑菌活性进行了研究.结果表明:链格孢菌不同极性代谢产物对小麦赤霉病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌、油菜菌核病菌、烟草灰霉病菌及杨树溃疡病菌5种植物病原真菌产生不同程度的抑制作用,乙酸乙酯相的抑制作用最强,正丁醇相次之;乙酸乙酯相含量为800 μg·mL1时,其代谢产物对5种病原真菌的抑制率分别...     

枯草芽孢杆菌B_1、B_2液对“黄河蜜”瓜采后黑斑病和粉霉病的抑制效果

研究了枯草芽孢杆菌B1、B2的活菌液、代谢液对“黄河蜜”甜瓜采后黑斑病和粉霉病的抑制效果。离体条件下,B1、B2活菌液对黑斑病菌(A.alternata) 的抑制率分别达到100 %和94 %,而对粉霉病菌(T.roseum)的抑制率均达到100 %。离体条件下,B1、B2活菌液均能显著抑制“黄河蜜”甜瓜采后黑斑病和粉霉病的侵染和扩展。B1、B2代谢液显著抑制粉霉病的扩展,但对黑斑病的扩展无抑制效果。     

山西省高粱的青霉颖枯病

“早衰”是高粱生产和育种上存在的普遍现象。长期以来被认为是一种生理性病害。经4年研究证明它是草酸青霉(Penicilliem axalicum)和纤细交链孢霉(Allernaria allernala)于初花期浸染而引起的一种高粱穗部病害。主要症状是颖壳及与其连接的枝梗组织坏死,阻止了养分、水分向上输导,造成籽粒秕瘦变小。一般减产10％以上。这是国内首次报道的高粱新病害,定名为高粱青霉颖枯病,此病在初花期用多菌灵防治有较好效果。