基于GEE的广西北部湾沿海水产养殖池塘遥感提取

沿海水产养殖池塘带来经济效益的同时,也会引起诸多环境问题,了解其空间分布对于海岸带的科学管理和渔业可持续发展具有重要意义。广西北部湾海岸带地形错综复杂,养殖池塘沿岸线散乱分布,导致传统遥感识别方法难以实现高精度提取。针对此问题,该研究提出一种基于Google Earth Engine（GEE）平台和全年Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2时序遥感数据的水产养殖池塘识别方法,结合多阈值分割和面向对象分类提取2019年广西北部湾海岸带的水产养殖池塘。结果表明：1）广西北部湾海岸带养殖池塘面积总计199.3 km2,遍布整个沿岸地区;识别结果总体精度达到0.921,Kappa系数为0.842;2）选取4个典型区域,对比该研究方法提取结果与Google高清影像目视解译结果,在规模化集聚型养殖区域中,识别结果占目视解译的面积比例达到90%以上,在排布密集的小型池塘区域面积占比也能达到80%以上;3）以时序遥感数据作为分类特征值,能够有效排除废弃池塘、水稻田和季节性水域。该方法在大范围复杂环境中仍具有良好性能,显著提高了水产养殖池塘遥感识别的精度,能够为海岸带生态环境的智能监控、养殖区域空间优化提供技术支持。     

基于GIS、RS的滴灌棉田土壤养分精确管理分区研究

在GIS和RS支持下,针对新疆生产建设兵团第五师81团滴灌棉田,选用遥感结合土壤、土壤、遥感数据为数据源,利用模糊c均值聚类法进行土壤养分精确管理分区研究。研究结果表明:无论以何种数据源划分分区,分区后各分区养分指标变异系数均有所下降,空间分布朝均一方向发展;不同管理分区间差异明显,同一管理分区内土壤养分含量的空间变异差异较小。以遥感结合土壤为数据源所划分管理分区与实际产量所划分分区符合度最高达到91.36%,以土壤为数据源的管理分区次之,符合度达到84.40%,仅以遥感数据(归一化植被指数)为数据源所划分管理分区符合度最低为75.47%。因此,运用聚类分析法以遥感结合土壤数据为数据源可获得较好的分区结果,可实施变量投入和精确施肥推荐,为棉田土壤养分管理提供科学的理论依据。     

Soil management for Alfisols in the semiarid tropics: erosion, enrichment ratios and runoff

Abstract. Continuous cultivation of soils of the semiarid tropics has led to significant land degradation. Soil erosion and nutrient loss caused by high runoff volumes have reduced crop yields and contributed to offsite damage. We compared a number of soil management practices (tillage, mulch and perennial/annual rotational based systems) for their potential to improve crop production and land resource protection in an Alfisol of the semiarid tropics of India. Runoff and soil erosion were monitored and surface soil and sediment were analysed for nitrogen and carbon to determine enrichment ratios. Amelioration of soils with organic additions (farmyard manure, rice straw) or rotating perennial pasture with annual crops increased soil carbon and nitrogen contents and reduced runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss. Soil erosion totalled less than 7 t ha^–1, but enrichment ratios were often greater than 2 resulting in up to 27 kg N ha^–1 and 178 kg C ha^–1 being lost in sediment. Up to an extra 250 mm of water per year infiltrated the soil with organic additions and was available for crop water use or percolation to groundwater. The results show that there are good opportunities for reducing degradation and increasing productivity on farms.     

Trends in natural resource use and prospects for sustainable resource management in Kenya's Arid and Semiarid Lands

This paper describes the environmental problems facing the development of Kenya's Arid and Semiarid lands (ASAL) today. The problems arise because of a rapidly declining resource base in the ASAL as a result of overexploitation and misuse, following basic land use conflicts. The extent of the overutilization or resource damage is not well known and varies a great deal from one agroecological zone to another and from resource to resource in the ASAL; those most affected include: soil, water, range, forest, livestock and wildlife. As a result of increased population growth in the ASAL, these resources are under stress. This paper argues that many of the environmental problems in the ASAL cannot be solved if the development programme does not address the needs of the people who live in the ASAL. There is a need to shift the objective of ASAL development from a preoccupation with economic growth and the idea that the ASAL should make a contribution to GNP through interregional trade and export to sustainable development that enables the communities in the ASAL to support themselves at as good a standard of living as possible. The last part of this paper outlines a strategy to promote such sustainable development.     

百色不同功能区土壤重金属形态分布及其生态风险评价

在百色城区及周边县城选择城市中心区、矿区和工业区采集土壤,分析其重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量及存在形态.结果表明,城市中心区土壤的重金属含量处于无污染水平,属于轻微生态危害程度;而工业区和矿区土壤的重金属含量超出百色土壤背景值,污染较严重,属于极强生态危害程度,其中Cd对土壤RI的贡献最大.不同功能区土壤重金属的分布形态特征既有相似性又有差异性.城市中心区、工业区与矿区土壤中,Cd的可交换态含量较高,占总量的18.2％～29.5％;Mn则主要以铁-锰氧化物结合态和残余态的形式存在;其余重金属元素(As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)以残余态为主,占总量的70％以上.     

长白山北坡针叶林带蛾类多样性

2003年6月至2006年9月,对长白山北坡针叶林蛾类做了较全面的调查,针叶林带蛾类种类共计12科,118种,其中夜蛾和尺蛾是北坡针叶林带蛾类的优势类群,各月份蛾类组成及数量差异较大,7月份蛾类的多样性指数、物种丰富度和个体数量都最高,6月份蛾类的多样性指数、物种丰富度和个体数量最低,多样性指数与均匀度不一至,相关系数为-0.15,不同月份的蛾类相似性系数很低。     

冀北山地河岸缓冲带净水效果研究

[目的]充分了解不同河岸植被缓冲带对地表径流污染物的去除效果.[方法]采用人工模拟地表径流的方法,选取冀北山地5种不同植被类型河岸植被缓冲带为研究对象,分析了其对地表径流中化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的去除效果.[结果]在5种不同植被类型河岸植被带中,随着河岸缓冲带宽度的增加,各缓冲带对地表径流中COD、TN、TP的去除率基本呈增加趋势,但对各污染物的去除规律各异,华北落叶松林能在较窄的距离内较迅速去除径流中COD、TN、TP.[结论]各标准地对地表径流中不同污染物的削减各有优点,在对受污染的河流进行生态植被修复时,应当充分考虑当地河流水质污染特点选择植被类型.冀北山地在建设较窄河岸缓冲带时,可以优先考虑采用华北落叶松林.     

天津海河教育园生态功能区培育模式的思考

以海河教育园区一期规划为背景,对园区的生态功能区做了大致的划分:生态休闲区、生态文化区、生态经济区。在对各功能区培育模式进行说明的基础上,对各功能区形成的模式和建设的方向做了认真的思考,对形成模式发展中的生态问题和遇到的困难进行了探讨。     

Integrating in situ quantitative geographic information tools and size‐specific,laboratory‐based growth zones in a dynamic river‐mouth estuary

• 1. The ultimate determination of coastal habitat suitability requires the integration of both dynamic (i.e. water mass characteristics) and stationary (structural) habitats. An approach using real‐time streamed data collection, remote sensing, and GIS modelling to compare and contrast seasonal and spatial patterns in these habitat components of the eastern and western distributaries of the lower Pascagoula River estuary is described.
• 2. Structural and dynamic habitat characteristics are described using GIS and integrated with published growth data on juvenile mullet (Mugil spp.) and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) to reveal zones of accelerated growth. Both mullet and spot had their greatest growth when water temperature and salinity (dynamic habitat) were physiologically optimal. The lack of spatial difference in the dynamic habitat between distributaries resulted in no growth zone differences for both species.
• 3. The integration of the growth zones with the structural habitat component showed that the west distributary, with its greater availability and reduced fragmentation of main channel marsh edge, should provide a greater area of essential fish habitat than the east distributary for juvenile spot, a marsh‐edge associate. Because juvenile mullet are less associated with structural wetland habitat, growth zones and the stationary (structural) habitat were not integrated.
• 4. The approach of integrating real‐time geo‐referenced water quality data with regional fish growth‐rate data is an important step towards a quantitative understanding of the hierarchical nature and inherent variability of dynamic coastal environments. The use of this holistic approach should lead to more effective management of estuarine systems, especially in regard to potential impacts within the estuary's watershed and to its coupling with offshore environments.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于农田管理分区的制种玉米产量估算与限制因子评价

为了提升规模化农田不同管理分区的玉米产量,实现精准管理,该研究使用相关成分回归法(Correlated Component Regression,CCR),考虑地形因素(高程)、土壤理化性质(砂粒、粉粒、黏粒、容重、土壤含水率、土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效氮、电导率)11个因子,评估规模化农田和聚类分析得到的3个管理区(M1、M2和M3)内产量的限制因子,并在不同分区内建立产量估算模型。模型验证结果表明:未分区的情况下,产量限制因子为土壤粉粒、砂粒、土壤有机碳、土壤含水率、速效氮和全氮,经验证,产量估算模型的决定系数(R~2)为0.70,标准均方根误差(Normalized Root Mean Square Error,nRMSE)为0.21。分区后,M1的产量限制因子为土壤粉粒、砂粒、黏粒、速效氮、电导率、全氮和全磷,M2的产量限制因子为土壤粉粒、砂粒和土壤含水率,M3的产量限制因子为高程、土壤砂粒、黏粒和电导率,产量估算模型的精度高(经验证,0.71R20.83,0.16nRMSE0.18)。对农田进行分区管理,并根据各管理区内作物产量的限制因素制定分布式管理策略,可以更具针对性地提升作物产量。