民勤绿洲灌区保护性耕作对土壤风蚀与土壤物理性质的影响

通过春小麦田间试验,以传统耕作为对照,分析免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖、立茬和残茬压倒4种保护性耕作措施田间输沙量、土壤团聚体、<0.01 mm物理性黏粒、<0.01 mm分散性黏粒和分散系数随年限增加的变化,研究民勤绿洲灌区保护性耕作对土壤风蚀与土壤物理性质的影响。结果表明:与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作输沙量显著减少;>1 mm团聚体作为不可风蚀颗粒的数量没有发生显著变化,保护性耕作大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量有增大趋势、微团聚体(0.25～0.05 mm)含量有减少趋势;保护性耕作实施2年后,<0.05 mm土粒含量占比除立茬处理减少不显著外,其他保护性耕作处理均显著减少;试验第3年,传统耕作处理<0.01mm物理性黏粒含量较保护性耕作处理有减少趋势;免耕不覆盖、立茬和残茬压倒处理<0.01 mm分散性黏粒含量随年限的增加显著下降,免耕秸秆覆盖处理变化不显著;免耕不覆盖和残茬压倒处理土壤分散系数随年限的增加显著下降,免耕秸秆覆盖和立茬处理下降不显著;保护性耕作实施的第3年,各保护性耕作处理分散系数出现减小的趋势。输沙量与>1 mm团聚体...     

粪肥施用对土壤团聚体的影响——Meta分析

粪肥施用为土壤输入大量有机质与养分,能影响土壤团聚体的形成和稳定性,大部分研究主要认为粪肥施用促进土壤大粒径团聚体的形成(marcoaggregate,≥0.25 mm),但进一步细分是对大团聚体(large marcoaggregate,>2 mm)还是小团聚体(small marcoaggregate,2 ~ 0.25 mm)的影响更大,研究存在较大差异。本文使用Meta分析收集了36篇相关文献,共267个团聚体数据,发现施用粪肥能显著增加土壤大团聚体和小团聚体含量,分别增加了95% 和17%,同时减少了土壤微团聚体(microaggregates,0.25 ~ 0.053 mm)和土壤粉黏颗粒(silt-plus and clay-size particles,<0.053 mm)含量,分别减少了14% 和20%。本文还从土壤因素、粪肥因素、气候因素3个角度的解释变量来分析粪肥施用对土壤团聚体影响不同的原因,结果发现土壤类型、土壤pH、粪肥种类和年均气温、年均降水量是造成不同研究结果差异的主要原因。     

玉米茎秆汁液对土壤的减水减沙效益及其机理

为研究土壤改良剂玉米茎秆汁液对中国西部地区水土流失的影响和机理,该文通过室内土壤理化性质测定和人工模拟降雨试验,研究了地表施加玉米茎秆汁液对土壤团聚体的平均重量直径、土壤有机质质量分数和土壤减水减沙效益的影响。试验以未施加任何玉米茎秆汁液的黄土坡面为对照,设计单位面积玉米茎秆汁液施加量1 041.7 mL/m2,施加汁液体积分数25%和50%,降雨强度为50 mm/h,研究玉米茎秆汁液施加对土壤减水减沙的影响。结果表明,玉米茎秆汁液的施加可以增加土壤有机质的含量,提高土壤团聚体的平均重量直径,降低产流产沙速率。对照、体积分数25%和50%汁液施加下的土壤团聚体平均重量直径分别为0.18、0.46和0.51 mm,土壤有机质质量分数分别为5.70%、6.75%和7.17%。较对照,体积分数25%和50%汁液施加下,土壤的减水效益分别为45.81%和48.34%,减沙效益分别为65.00%和75.47%。玉米茎秆汁液的减水减沙效益随时间的推移而降低,月均减水、减沙效益降低量约为1.25%和1.41%,研究中施加体积分数25%和50%汁液的土壤减水减沙效益约可持续3和4.5 a。综上,玉米茎秆汁液作为土壤改良剂在施加量为1 041.7 mL/m2时,茎秆汁液与水的体积比为1:1时,效果较好。该研究可以为将玉米茎秆汁液作为土壤改良剂用于土壤侵蚀的防治提供施放参考。     

横坡和顺坡耕作对紫色土土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

通过径流小区试验,分析探讨了紫色土横坡和顺坡两种耕作模式下表层(0~20 cm)土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳含量的特征,为紫色土区坡耕地的有效改造和综合利用提供科学依据。试验结果表明,横坡耕作下土壤水稳性指数K值比顺坡耕作高38.99%,而土壤分散性D值为顺坡耕作的1.64倍,横坡耕作抗蚀性大于顺坡耕作。横坡耕作>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量比顺坡耕作增加3.62%,>5 mm、5~3 mm、3~2 mm水稳性团聚体含量横坡耕作均高于顺坡耕作,横坡耕作显著提高>2 mm水稳性团聚体含量。横坡耕作下团聚体结构体破坏率较顺坡耕作减少3.05%,团聚体平均重量直径为顺坡耕作的1.39倍。2种耕作模式下0.5~2 mm团聚体有机碳含量均最高,>0.25 mm不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量百分数均随粒径的减小而减小,均在0.5~0.25 mm粒级下达到最小。横坡和顺坡耕作模式下2~1 mm团聚体有机碳含量无显著差异。横坡耕作较顺坡耕作能够显著增加紫色土>2 mm水稳性团聚体含量,且对有机碳的固持作用更好,有利于土壤结构的改善。     

基于人工神经网络的数据处理和多目标群方法用土壤传递函数(PTFs)估算保水性

Pedotransfer functions(PTFs) have been developed to estimate soil water retention curves(SWRC) by various techniques.In this study PTFs were developed to estimate the parameters(θ s,θ r,α and λ) of the Brooks and Corey model from a data set of 148 samples.Particle and aggregate size distribution fractal parameters(PSDFPs and ASDFPs,respectively) were computed from three fractal models for either particle or aggregate size distribution.The most effective model in each group was determined by sensitivity analysis.Along with the other variables,the selected fractal parameters were employed to estimate SWRC using multi-objective group method of data handling(mGMDH) and different topologies of artificial neural networks(ANNs).The architecture of ANNs for parametric PTFs was different regarding the type of ANN,output layer transfer functions and the number of hidden neurons.Each parameter was estimated using four PTFs by the hierarchical entering of input variables in the PTFs.The inclusion of PSDFPs in the list of inputs improved the accuracy and reliability of parametric PTFs with the exception of θ s.The textural fraction variables in PTF1 for the estimation of α were replaced with PSDFPs in PTF3.The use of ASDFPs as inputs significantly improved α estimates in the model.This result highlights the importance of ASDFPs in developing parametric PTFs.The mGMDH technique performed significantly better than ANNs in most PTFs.     

秸秆还田对麦粱两熟农田土壤团聚体特征的短期效应

冬小麦—夏高粱种植系统作为一种新型农业两熟制系统,是山西省杂粮可持续发展的一项有效措施。为阐明该种植系统农田土壤团聚体粒级分布及稳定性对秸秆还田量的短期响应,试验基于麦粱种植系统,分析了不还田（CK）、半量还田（HR）和全量还田（WR）对土壤团聚体粒级分布特征和稳定指数的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田后,能够显著降低0—30 cm土层 > 10 mm和 < 0.25 mm粒级机械稳定性团聚体含量,增加0.25～2 mm各亚粒级水稳性大团聚体含量,同时显著降低了土壤团聚体破坏率和不稳定团粒指数（p < 0.05）;全量秸秆还田后较半量秸秆还田对农田土壤团聚体特征改善效果更为明显,但对10—20,20—30 cm土层改善效果逐渐减弱;全量还田相比半量还田,土壤机械稳定性团聚体平均重量直径、几何平均直径和大团聚体（> 0.25 mm）含量分别显著降低了12.2%,23.0%和5.3%,并显著提升了水稳性团聚体几何平均直径和大团聚体（> 0.25 mm）含量,降低了水稳性团聚体分形维数（p < 0.05）。此外,土壤团聚体稳定性与有机碳含量、孔隙度、含水量和作物产量呈显著正相关（p < 0.05）。综合表明,全量还田在短期年限内能够显著提高土壤团聚体稳定性,是改善晋中区麦粱两熟农田土壤团粒结构和增加作物产量的有效措施。     

不同有机培肥对黑土团聚体含量及特征的影响

【目的】研究不同有机培肥处理对土壤团聚体形成和稳定性的影响。【方法】以吉林中部地区黑土为供试土壤,通过3年培肥盆栽试验,以不施用任何肥料为对照(CK),研究不同有机肥料(牛粪、鸡粪、树叶、猪粪、菌渣、秸秆、稻糠、草炭)及化肥对土壤团聚体含量、稳定性参数(团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)、平均几何直径(GMD))以及分形维数(D)的影响。【结果】各处理粒径≥0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量为77.82%~89.18%,表现为:草炭牛粪鸡粪树叶化肥菌渣秸秆稻糠CK猪粪;各处理粒径≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量为47.04%~62.18%,表现为:秸秆稻糠树叶牛粪菌渣猪粪草炭化肥CK鸡粪。各处理土壤机械稳定性团聚体MWD和GMD值大小顺序均为:草炭猪粪化肥秸秆牛粪菌渣树叶稻糠鸡粪CK;各处理土壤水稳性团聚体MWD由大到小的顺序为:牛粪菌渣鸡粪秸秆稻糠草炭猪粪树叶化肥CK,GMD由大到小的顺序为:秸秆牛粪菌渣稻糠鸡粪草炭猪粪树叶化肥CK。各处理机械稳定性团聚体的分形维数为2.441~2.626,表现为:CK稻糠猪粪菌渣秸秆鸡粪树叶化肥牛粪草炭。各处理水稳性团聚体分形维数由高到低的顺序为:CK化肥草炭鸡粪猪粪菌渣牛粪树叶稻糠秸秆,所有培肥处理均显著低于CK。【结论】培肥处理有利于提高土壤机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体含量,增加土壤稳定性,改善土壤结构状况。     

黄土高原旱地保护性耕作农田土壤团聚体特性变化研究

以春玉米品种沈玉17为材料,设置保护性耕作（NT）、传统耕作＋秸秆还田（TS）和传统耕作（CT）3种耕作方式,通过多年定位试验,研究黄土高原旱塬地保护性耕作农田土壤有机质及团聚体特性的变化。结果表明,NT与TS和CT相比能显著提高土壤有机质含量。干筛法分析结果表明,0-30 cm深度,NT处理粒径〉0.25mm的大团聚体含量、平均重量直径（mean weight diameter,MWD）均显著高于TS和CT处理。湿筛法分析结果表明,水稳性团聚体MWD在0-10 cm深度为NT〉TS〉CT,处理间差异显著（P〈0.05）;0-20 cm深度,NT处理土壤团聚体破坏率均低于CT处理。保护性耕作能促进土壤团聚体的形成,提高团聚体的稳定性,而传统耕作则由于人为扰乱土层结构,降低了土壤团聚体数量和稳定性。     

秸秆还田对宁南半干旱地区土壤团聚体特征的影响

【目的】探明秸秆还田对土壤团聚体的影响,为宁南半干旱区作物生产及土壤培肥制度的建立提供参考。【方法】本研究通过4年秸秆还田定位试验,设置了不同秸秆粉碎还田量处理：谷子秸秆还田量为3 000 kg•hm-2 (低,L)、6 000 kg•hm-2 (中,M)、9 000 kg•hm-2 (高,H),玉米秸秆还田量为4 500 kg•hm-2 (低,L)、9 000 kg•hm-2 (中,M)、13 500 kg•hm-2 (高,H),对照为秸秆不还田。对不同处理条件下干筛和湿筛下各团聚体指标进行分析。【结果】各秸秆还田处理干筛下0—40 cm土层＞0.25 mm团聚体含量（DR0.25）、平均重量直径（mean weight diameter,DMWD）和几何平均直径（geometric mean diameter,DGMD）均显著高于CK处理,各还田处理的分形维数均显著低于CK;湿筛法分析表明,供试土壤中团聚体以机械稳定性团聚体为主,随秸秆还田量的增加,0—40 cm土层水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径（WMWD）、几何平均直径（WGMD）和分形维数的顺序均为：H,M处理＞L处理＞CK;各处理土壤团聚体破坏率（PAD）和不稳定团粒指数（ELT）在0—40 cm土层内均表现出近似“Z”字形趋势,且CK显著高于各还田处理（P＜0.05）。【结论】在宁南半干旱区采用秸秆还田对提高土壤团聚体含量具有明显作用。     

Effects of different concentrations of super-absorbent polymers on soil structure and hydro-physical properties following continuous wetting and drying cycles

Super-absorbent polymers (SAPs) are widely used chemical water-saving materials, which play an active role in the accumulation of soil water and the improvement of soil structure. Little is known about their performance with repeated usage or about factors influencing their efficiency under alternate wetting and drying cycles. In this study, various concentrations of SAP (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) in soil following three continuous wetting and drying cycles (T1, T2 and T3), were studied to determine effects on soil structure stability and hydro-physical properties. The results indicated that the SAP improved soil water supply capacity under conditions of mild drought (T2) and sufficient irrigation (T3) at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3%, but a reduction was observed under severe drought conditions (T1), which was negatively correlated with the SAP concentration. The physical adsorption of the SAP by soil and the chemical connection between the SAP and soil mineral colloids as Si-O-Si bonds, -OH bonds and different crystalline silica were the important factors that directly lead to the reduction of water retention capacities of the SAP with alternating wet and dry conditions. Compared with the control, the soil liquid phase ratios of the SAP treatments were increased by 8.8–202.7% in the T1 and T2 cycles, which would have led to a decrease in the soil air phase ratios. After repeated wetting and drying cycles, the SAP treatments increased the amount of >0.25 mm soil aggregates and the contents of water-stable macro-aggregate (R_0.25), and decreased the amount of <0.053 mm soil aggregates, especially with higher concentrations of the SAP. Increases in mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD), and declines in fractal dimension (D) and unstable aggregates index (E_LT) were all observed with the SAP treatments, which indicated an improvement in soil stability and structure. It was concluded that the distribution and stability of soil aggregates and soil water supply capacity was closely related to SAP concentration, soil moisture condition and the interaction between the SAP and soil particles.