黄瓜单体异附加系的筛选与观察

 将甜瓜属异源三倍体与栽培黄瓜‘北京截头’杂交，经胚胎拯救获得了两个2n=15 (14C+1H)的单体异附加系，编号分别为02—17和02—39。02一l7植株叶形为戟形，02—39为深陷的掌状形，并且果刺均为白色，不同于异源三倍体的掌状心脏形和黑刺，果形比异源三倍体黄瓜长而更接近普通黄瓜。细胞学研究发现，单体异附加系在终变期和中期I染色体构型主要是由7个二价体和1个单价体构成，出现三价体的频率为4％ ～5％ ，中期Ⅱ不均等分裂形成不同的两极，一极染色体为8条，另一极为7条。RAPD分析证明它们分刖附加了野生种Cucum／s hystrix的染色体。     

外源氮添加对湿地土壤N_2O排放量的影响

为搞清湿地土壤驱动N2O排放的关键氮源类型,有效减少湿地N2O的排放,本文通过室内控制温湿度,用气相色谱法分析不同外源氮素对湿地N2O排放的影响。结果表明:外加氮源组总是高于对照组N2O排放量(4.4 mg·m-3)。在设定的剂量范围内,单独添加尿素或尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合时N2O排放量呈现先增后减的单峰分布趋势,峰值分别为10.6 mg·m-3和229.0 mg·m-3;单独添加硝酸铵时N2O排放量(32.6~111.0 mg·m-3)随着氮素添加量增加呈现持续上升趋势。单独添加尿素或硝酸铵、尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合均促进N2O的排放,但硝酸铵尿素混合添加对N2O排放量的贡献单独添加硝酸铵单独添加尿素。这为预测内蒙古高原区农牧交错带湿地氮素输入可能带来的温室效应和有效减排提供科学依据。     

氮添加对天山高寒草原土壤酶活性和酶化学计量特征的影响

为探究氮添加对高寒草原生态系统土壤酶活性的影响,于2018年在中国科学院巴音布鲁克草原生态系统研究站,选择4个氮添加水平(对照,N0,0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;低氮,N1,10 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;中氮,N3,30 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;高氮,N9,90 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),开展土壤酶活性对氮添加响应的研究,分析土壤酶活性对氮添加的响应特点,土壤酶化学计量比以及土壤酶活性与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明:与对照相比,氮添加在N3水平显著增加β-1,4葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-D-纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-1,4木糖苷酶(βX)酶活性(P<0.05),N1和N3水平显著增加碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(P<0.05),N3水平显著降低多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性(P<0.05),氮添加对亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)活性影响不显著,N3水平下显著增加N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,8种土壤酶活性均与土壤有机碳(SOC、NAG除外)和总磷(TP)显著相关,与土壤总氮(TN)不相关。研究区土壤酶活性C∶N∶P化学计量比为1∶1∶1.2,与全球生态系统的土壤酶活性C∶N∶P的比值1∶1∶1相偏离,表明该研究区土壤微生物生长受磷素限制。冗余分析(RDA)进一步揭示出土壤有机碳和土壤全磷含量是影响土壤酶活性的主要因子。     

Nutrient addition and disturbance effects on the community composition and assembly in a desert steppe北大核心CSCD

The effects of short-term nutrient additions (NPKμ, 10 g·m- 2) and disturbances on the species diversity, functional traits, soil properties, and community assembly mechanisms of the herbaceous community in the Urat desert steppe were examined. A mixed linear model, principal component analysis, and null model methods were utilized and both disturbance and interaction treatments were found to significantly reduce species richness and β diversity. Short-term nutrient additions significantly reduced soil pH but increased soil electrical conductivity. Six functional traits of the dominant species (i.e. Stipa glareosa, Peganum harmala, Salsola collina, Corispermum mongolicum) and six community-weighted mean significant changes under the disturbance and nutrient addition treatments were identified. The disturbance and nutrient additions promoted the transformation of the dominant species in the community from conservative strategies to acquisitive strategies. The results of the two null models revealed that community assembly under the control tended to be a stochastic process, while the disturbance and interaction treatments tended to be deterministic processes, and that of the nutrient addition treatments tended to be weaker deterministic processes. Plant communities in the desert steppe responded and adapted to the nutrient additions and disturbances through changes in the dominant species and their crucial functional traits. © 2023 Chinese Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.     

多梯度氮磷添加对高寒草甸植物群落生物量与氮磷含量的影响

为研究不同梯度氮、磷单独及混合添加对高寒草甸植物群落生物量、植物养分含量及化学计量比的影响,本实验分析了青海省门源县典型高寒草甸植物群落地上总生物量,功能群水平地上生物量,植物全氮、全磷含量及氮磷比对多梯度氮、磷添加的响应情况。结果表明：氮、磷添加均对群落地上生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);氮添加对禾草类和豆科生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);磷添加对禾草类和莎草类生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);氮磷交互作用对豆科和莎草类生物量影响显著(P<0.05)。群落水平上,氮添加显著提高了植物全氮含量,对植物氮磷比(N∶P)有正效应,磷添加显著提高了植物全磷含量,对植物N∶P有负效应,植物全磷对N∶P的负效应大于全氮对N∶P的正效应。本研究表明氮、磷添加可能会使高寒草甸植物群落组成和植物养分含量发生改变,植物群落逐渐向禾草类发展;此外,高寒草甸植物生长趋向于受氮磷共同限制。     

Novel soil quality indicators for the evaluation of agricultural management practices: a biological perspective

Developments in soil biology and in methods to characterize soil organic carbon can potentially deliver novel soil quality indicators that can help identify management practices able to sustain soil productivity and environmental resilience. This work aimed at synthesizing results regarding the suitability of a range of soil biological and biochemical properties as novel soil quality indicators for agricultural management. The soil properties, selected through a published literature review, comprised different labile organic carbon fractions [hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), hot water extractable carbon and particulate organic matter carbon], soil disease suppressiveness measured using a Pythium-Lepidium bioassay, nematode communities characterized by amplicon sequencing and qPCR, and microbial community level physiological profiling measured with MicroResp^TM. Prior studies tested the sensitivity of each of the novel indicators to tillage and organic matter addition in ten European long-term field experiments (LTEs) and assessed their relationships with pre-existing soil quality indicators of soil functioning. Here, the results of these previous studies are brought together and interpreted relative to each other and to the broader body of literature on soil quality assessment. Reduced tillage increased carbon availability, disease suppressiveness, nematode richness and diversity, the stability and maturity of the food web, and microbial activity and functional diversity. Organic matter addition played a weaker role in enhancing soil quality, possibly due to the range of composition of the organic matter inputs used in the LTEs. POXC was the indicator that discriminated best between soil management practices, followed by nematode indices based on functional characteristics. Structural equation modeling shows that POXC has a central role in nutrient retention/supply, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, erosion control and disease regulation/suppression. The novel indicators proposed here have great potential to improve existing soil quality assessment schemes. Their feasibility of application is discussed and needs for future research are outlined.     

在宽泛的稠度范围内估算面粉标准粉质参数的可行性探索

为在宽泛的稠度范围内检测和估算小麦的粉质参数以服务品质育种,本研究通过构建和应用复合粉质参数,并结合梯度加水、目测加水和误差控制技术,明显降低了加水量对测定结果的影响,成功建立了一系列逻辑算式和回归方程,定量描述了宽泛稠度与标准稠度（500 FU）下检测结果之间的转换关系,实现了标准检测结果的非直接测定。目测加水估计结果与对应标准值的相关性显示,形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数和弱化度的估计标准值与标准值间的相关系数r=0.988～0.995;从不同途径推导出标准加水量预测的三个算式,其预测结果与标准值的相关系数r=0.983～0.995,综合预测效果明显优于单纯粉质仪内置软件的预测值。从而,用小而确定的样品量与一次目测加水测定（推荐稠度440～650 FU）估计标准检测结果,且可据此准确地调整加水量,直接测得达标的粉质参数。另外,借用逻辑算式还可将全部参数的达标值矫正为稠度500 FU时的标准值,使传统的粉质检测结果更加精准、更具可比性。     

响应面法优化慕萨莱思配方的研究

本研究向慕萨莱思基酒中加入枸杞、玫瑰花、藿香、杏干四种辅料,测定添加辅料后慕萨莱思中的黄酮含量及感官评价得分,研究单一添加及复合添加对慕萨莱思品质的影响,并通过响应面优化试验确定慕萨莱思的最优配方。结果表明:结合黄酮含量和感官评价,慕萨莱思中黄酮含量均随四种辅料添加量的增加而增加,单因素试验得出杏干10 g/L、枸杞8 g/L、玫瑰4 g/L、藿香0.4 g/L为最佳添加量,对应的慕萨莱思中黄酮含量分别为0.30、0.39、0.36、0.31 g/L。随着四种辅料添加量的增加,感官评分均呈先升高后降低的趋势。利用响应面优化得出最佳辅料添加量为:杏干12 g/L、枸杞10 g/L、玫瑰5 g/L、藿香0.4 g/L,此时慕萨莱思中黄酮含量达到0.80 g/L,产品色泽莹润,澄清度高,果香和酒香和谐,典型性突出,感官评分最高。     

Comparative performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies under different nutrient and light conditions

Invasive plants may be more plastic than non‐invasive plants and maintain high fitness under various environmental conditions. Previous studies mainly focused on the comparisons between invasive and native plants, and comparisons between highly invasive and less invasive exotic species are still relatively rare, especially for comparisons at the subspecies level. This study examined the effects of nutrient addition and shading on the performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies M. invisa var. inermis under either isolated or competitive conditions. Nutrient addition increased biomass and plant height and decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio (R/S). Shading decreased biomass and R/S and increased plant height. Under isolated conditions, the two invaders did not differ in R/S, plant height and plasticity of these traits in response to nutrient addition or shading, and the two invaders also did not differ in biomass production under each of the nutrient and light treatments. When the two invaders competed with each other, M. invisa outcompeted M. invisa var. inermis under high soil nutrient conditions, and the two invaders did not differ in performance under other growth conditions. Thus, only considering competition may we find out the difference between highly invasive species and their closely related, less invasive subspecies. Management of M. invisa should focus on habitats with high soil nutrient availability, in which M. invisa is more likely to dominate.     

高寒草甸植物叶片生态化学计量特征对长期氮肥添加的响应

氮(N)是植物生长发育所需的基本元素,人为N添加已成为陆地生态系统N输入的主要形式。施N作为改善土壤养分条件的重要途径,可改变土壤理化性质,也会对植物叶片生态化学计量特征产生影响。本研究在2012年5月设置0(CK)、10(N₁₀)、20(N₂₀)、30(N₃₀)g·m^-2·a^-1的N添加试验,并于2018年8月采集禾本科、莎草科、豆科和杂类草叶片,测定其碳(C)、N、磷(P)含量,分析不同水平N添加下植物叶片生态化学计量特征的差异,探索长期N添加下植物叶片生态化学计量特征变化的影响因素。结果表明:1)N添加显著提高了禾本科叶片碳(LC)含量而显著降低了豆科LC含量(P<0.05),莎草科和杂类草LC含量变化不显著(P>0.05)。随施N量增加,4种功能群叶片氮(LN)含量均显著增加(P<0.05),而叶片磷(LP)含量变化趋势不一致。2)N添加下4种功能群植物叶片碳氮比(LC/N)整体呈下降趋势,叶片氮磷比(LN/P)和叶片碳磷比(LC/P)呈上升趋势。3)...