破壁蜂花粉对蛋鸡免疫功能及肠道菌群的影响

试验将槐花蜂花粉进行振动磨超微粉碎破壁,分别按1 g/kg、5 g/kg、10 g/kg三个不同剂量混到蛋鸡饲料中,从7日龄开始饲喂至50日龄,每个剂量分两个试验,试验一用新城疫Ⅳ系疫苗免疫雏鸡,利用β-微量法监测血清中的血凝抑制抗体效价的动态变化;试验二用大肠杆菌油乳苗免疫雏鸡,利用间接血凝法监测血清中大肠杆菌抗体效价的动态变化。分别定期称重捕杀取脾、胸腺、法氏囊,计算免疫器官指数,取肠道内容物计数大肠杆菌和乳酸菌,测定肠道内pH值。结果表明,不同剂量的破壁蜂花粉均能不同程度地提高病毒抗原性抗体效价和菌体抗原性抗体效价,对雏鸡免疫器官的发育以及肠道内环境、菌群的平衡也有一定影响。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区小流域横断面土壤水分生态特征

在半干旱地区甘肃榆中北部中连川流域取一横断面,根据地形部位与利用条件布设11个测点,用土钻法监测土壤水分剖面分布与动态,测深到5m。各立地条件年内4月到12月土壤水分动态趋势多样。流域横断面的土壤湿度均较低,2～5m平均值一般都小于10％,其中以坡地苜蓿与半阳坡柠条林地最干燥。该地区土壤干燥化层是普遍存在的,不仅存在于人工植被,也存在于天然植被。径流富集叠加可显著改善土壤水分状况,隔坡水平梯田是其重要途径。退耕还草中要考虑各类草地的比例、苜蓿种植的适宜规模及其持续性问题。     

Removal of flowers or inflorescences affects ‘Barnea’ olive fruitlet post-anthesis abscission

A typical olive (Olea europaea L.) inflorescence consists of about 20 flowers. However, in many cultivars, only one fruit develops. This is due to massive abscission of flowers and fruitlets, which occurs during the first month after anthesis. In this study, we used the olive cultivar 'Barnea' to characterize the abscission mechanism and to try to increase fruit set by increasing the number of developed fruit per inflorescence. Removing the lateral flowers 3 weeks before anthesis increased fruit set by more than 50%. Removing all inflorescences but one from a branch increased the number of developed fruits from 0.93 to 2.8 during 2017 and from 0.91 to 3.34 fruits per inflorescence in 2018. Sugar quantification in the pistil revealed that starch level is high on the day of anthesis and low 25 days later in abscised as well as in developed fruit. Soluble carbohydrates are low on the day of anthesis, low in abscised flowers/fruitlets 25 days after anthesis and high in developed fruit. Screening the natural variation found in the Israeli germplasm collection revealed that in most cultivars less than one fruit per inflorescence has developed. However, there are unique cultivars with a higher fruit set.     

广东不同林龄乔木生物量及物种多样性与叶面积指数的关系

以广东的4个自然保护区和2个生态功能区的5种林龄的林分为研究对象,用样地调查法、生物量实测方法结合植物冠层分析仪对各样方的总生物量、乔木层的生物量、多样性指数和叶面积指数进行测定,分析其分布特征及相关关系。结果表明：总生物量为乔木层>灌木层>草木层,其中乔木层成熟林的生物量显著高于其他龄组,生物量关系为成熟林>近熟林>中龄林>过熟林>幼龄林,呈单峰型变化,在成熟林阶段达到峰值。乔木层LAI值在0.77~4.19;乔木层随着林龄的变化,LAI差异依次为中龄林>成熟林>近熟林>过熟林>幼龄林,呈倒“U”型变化;乔木层LAI与乔木层生物量存在正相关关系,相关显著;中龄林的乔木层LAI显著高于幼龄林和过熟林,中龄林、近熟林和成熟林的乔木层LAI差异不明显。不同林龄乔木层Shannon-Winner指数为近熟林>中龄林>过熟林>成熟林>幼龄林,总体趋势呈“S”型变化;不同林龄乔木层Pielou均匀度指数为成熟林>近熟林>中龄林>过熟林>幼龄林,总体趋势呈单峰型变化,峰值在成熟林阶段;乔木层Shannon-Winner指数、乔木层Pielou均匀度指数均与乔木层生物量呈线性显著正相关。因此,不同林龄下乔木层生物量、乔木层物种多样性指数和乔木层叶面积指数均存在差异;乔木层多样性指数与乔木层生物量存在正相关关系;乔木层叶面积指数与乔木层生物量存在正相关关系。     

陕西礼泉苹果林地和麦地土壤含水量研究

根据对陕西礼泉县城郊苹果林和小麦地含水量的测定,研究了不同土地利用方式下土壤含水量的差异。结果表明,礼泉10龄和10龄以上苹果林地土层含水量较低,2m以下土层含水量一般低于12%,发育了长期性轻度土壤干层;麦地平均含水量普遍较高,没有土壤干层发育,但春季2m以上的土层含水量较低,有季节性干层发育。苹果树的种植造成了土层含水量明显降低,表明研究地区的降水量对苹果林的生长有一定的制约,可通过减少果树种植密度、增大行间距、适度溉频等途径减少苹果林地土壤干层可能带来的不利影响。在降水少的情况下需要及时对麦地采取灌溉措施,减少季节性干层造成的损失。     

黄花甸子流域人工林土壤有机碳密度分布特征

【目的】分析内蒙古黄花甸子流域不同人工林土壤有机碳密度分布特征,为该地区人工林生态系统的碳汇管理提供理论依据。【方法】以内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗黄花甸子流域内山杏×油松混交林、山杏林、小叶杨林、柠条林4种典型人工林为研究对象,选取典型样区,探讨了0~100cm土层不同林分土壤有机碳密度的变化。【结果】4种林分土壤平均有机碳密度为0.85~1.07kg/m2;土壤有机碳密度呈现出混交林明显高于纯林,乔木林明显高于灌木林的特征,土壤平均有机碳密度由大到小表现为山杏×油松混交林山杏林小叶杨林柠条林。土壤有机碳富集在0~20cm土层中,并随土层深度的增加,土壤有机碳密度明显降低。【结论】在研究区的造林实践中,建议增加混交林造林面积,减少人类活动对森林表层土壤的干扰和破坏。     

Campylobacter spp. prevalence and fluoroquinolone resistance in chicken layer farms

Chicken is a major source of human campylobacteriosis. Chicken meat originates not only from broilers but also from spent layers; however, few reports have documented the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in layers in Japan. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. in 47 layer farms in Japan. Fecal samples were collected from the youngest and oldest flocks on the farm, and Campylobacter spp. was isolated from 46/47 (97.9%) farms. Among the C. jejuni isolates, the resistance rates to ampicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin were 29.6%, 22.2%, and 19.8%, respectively. The ciprofloxacin resistance rate (7.3%) in C. jejuni isolated from old flocks was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that in young flocks (32.5%).     

袋栽香菇生长期间不同料层中木质纤维素的降解及有关酶活性的变化

本文研究了香菇生长过程菌袋中不同料层木质纤维素的降解及有关酶活性的变化。结果表明,在栽培结束时,菌袋中不同料层木质纤维素含量的差异不大;在整个栽培过程中,菌袋中不同料层羧甲基纤维素酶,半纤维素酶和漆酶活性的变化大致相同。就菌袋中不同料层木质纤维素的降解和利用而言,菌袋的中层和下层与上层相似。     

Litter decomposition and faunal activity in Mediterranean forest soils: effects of N content and the moss layer

Accumulation of soil carbon is mainly controlled by the balance between litter production and litter decomposition. Usually In Mediterranean forests there are contrasting conditions in the distribution of faunal activity and the moss layer that may have different effects on litter decomposition. Decomposition and faunal activity were studied by exposing litter of contrasting quality (Pinus halepensis Mill. and Quercus ilex L.) for 3.5 yr in three Mediterranean pine forests of the eastern Iberian Peninsula. The effects of mosses on decomposition and on faunal activity were studied by exposing P. halepensis litter either on moss patches or directly on the forest floor. Faecal pellet production was used as an indication of faunal activity. Water availability or soil characteristics seem to limit faunal activities in the drier sites. Faecal pellets were not found during the first stages of decomposition and in all sites they appeared when about a 30% of the initial litter had decomposed. Under wet conditions faecal pellet production was very high and a mass balance suggested that soil faunal activity may result in a net flow of organic matter from the lower organic horizons to the surface Oi horizon. Mosses slightly increased mass loss of pine litter probably as a consequence of high potentially mineralizable nitrogen in the Oa horizon of moss patches and also, perhaps, as a consequence of the higher moisture content measured in the Oi horizon needles sampled among the mosses. In contrast, moss patches reduced faunal activity. The effect of litter quality on mass loss was not always significant, suggesting an interaction between litter quality and site conditions. During the first stages of decomposition there was N immobilisation in P. halepensis litter (poorer in N) and N release from Q. ilex litter (richer in N). In conclusion, in these forests soil microclimate and/or N availability appear to be more important controlling litter decomposition than the distribution of faunal activity.     

Is the soil microbial community related to the basal area of trees in a Scots pine stand?

The main energy sources of soil microorganisms are litter fall, root litter and exudation. The amount on these carbon inputs vary according to basal area of the forest stand. We hypothesized that soil microbes utilizing these soil carbon sources relate to the basal area of trees. We measured the amount of soil microbial biomass, soil respiration and microbial community structure as determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles in the humus layer (FH) of an even-aged stand of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with four different basal area levels ranging from 19.9 m² ha⁻¹ in the study plot Kasper 1 to 35.7 m² ha⁻¹ in Kasper 4. Increasing trend in basal respiration, total PLFAs and fungal-to-bacterial ratio was observed from Kasper 1 to Kasper 3 (basal area 29.2 m² ha⁻¹). The soil microbial community structure in Kasper 3 differed from that of the other study plots.