Mitigation of N2O emissions from grassland by nitrification inhibitor and Actilith F2 applied with fertilizer and cattle slurry

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is involved in both ozone destruction and global warming. In agricultural soils it is produced by nitrification and denitrification mainly after fertilization. Nitrification inhibitors have been proposed as one of the management tools for the reduction of the potential hazards of fertilizer-derived N₂O. Addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers maintains soil N in ammonium form, thereby gaseous N losses by nitrification and denitrification are less likely to occur and there is increased N utilization by the sward. We present a study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and of the slurry additive Actilith F2 on N₂O emissions following application of calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry to a mixed clover/ryegrass sward in the Basque Country. The results indicate that large differences in N₂O emission occur depending on fertilizer type and the presence or absence of a nitrification inhibitor. There is considerable scope for immediate reduction of emissions by applying DCD with calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry. DCD, applied at 25 kg ha^–1, reduced the amount of N lost as N₂O by 60% and 42% when applied with cattle slurry and calcium ammonium nitrate, respectively. Actilith F2 did not reduce N₂O emissions and it produced a long lasting mineralization of previously immobilized added N.     

玉米HD-ZIP I亚家族基因鉴定及表达分析

转录因子是植物响应逆境胁迫的重要调节因子,在其整个生长发育过程中发挥着重要的作用。HD-ZIP家族蛋白是植物中特有的一大类转录因子,包含4个亚家族(HD-ZIP I～IV),其中HD-ZIP I亚家族成员主要参与干旱、渗透压等极端环境和ABA及乙烯等激素处理的响应过程。本文采用隐马可夫模型(HMM)在玉米参考基因组中鉴定到17个HD-ZIP I亚家族成员,这些基因不均匀分布于玉米6条染色体上,与水稻的亲缘关系要近于拟南芥。玉米HDZIP I亚家族基因在玉米7种组织中表现出多种表达模式,具有明显的组织表达特异性。另外, HD-ZIP I亚家族基因对高盐、淹水及冷害等不同的逆境胁迫处理呈现出不同的响应模式及响应程度差异。5种不同激素处理后,玉米HD-ZIP I亚家族基因也表现出复杂的响应模式。这些结果为进一步解析玉米HD-ZIP I亚家族基因的生物学功能和作用机理提供了一定的参考价值。     

花椰菜AP2/ERF转录因子家族成员BobERF17响应逆境胁迫的表达及功能研究

AP2/ERF为植物特有的一类转录因子超家族,其中ERF家族成员被证实在植物逆境胁迫响应中发挥重要作用.为研究花椰菜中不同ERF转录因子的功能,本研究对花椰菜ERF家族中的一个成员BobERF17进行了克隆、表达及功能探究.序列分析显示,BobERF17编码区全长576 bp,编码一个由191个氨基酸组成的蛋白.聚类分...     

MircoRNA156家族在小麦非生物胁迫中的表达分析

MircoRNA (miRNA)作为一类20碱基左右的非编码RNA,它在转录水平调控基因的表达,在植物抗逆境胁迫的调节网络中发挥了重要作用.通过对小麦miRNAs的研究,可以扩展小麦抵抗自然灾害的途径,减少损失.有报道表明miR156作为保守的miRNA在多种植物中参与到抗逆反应[1],Xin等[2]发现不同小麦品种的miR156在不同时间点分别受到白粉菌和热胁迫的诱导,尽管对miR156家族个别成员的研究已经有了相关报道,但对小麦miR156的整个家族的报道较少,对它们在小麦受到非生物胁迫网络中发挥的作用还不清楚.本研究拟明确小麦中miR156家族成员,并选取机械伤害、冷害和对植物损害较大的UV-B三种处理方法,探索miR156家族成员在不同的非生物胁迫中的作用.     

芹菜NAC转录因子基因AgNAC1的克隆及其对非生物胁迫的响应

通过RT-PCR方法,从芹菜‘六合黄心芹’和‘文图拉’中分别克隆获得编码NAC转录因子的基因AgNAC1。利用生物信息学方法分析其编码氨基酸序列组成、蛋白质理化性质、亲缘关系、空间结构等,采用荧光定量PCR技术检测基因在不同非生物胁迫下的表达水平。结果表明：‘六合黄心芹’和‘文图拉’AgNAC1开放阅读框长度均为957 bp,编码318个氨基酸,其蛋白质相对分子量分别为36.89和36.77 kD,理论等电点分别为5.94和5.78。AgNAC1蛋白与不同植物中NAC家族成员同源性比对和进化树分析表明,其与胡萝卜DcNAC属于同一个分支,进化距离最近。蛋白功能域预测显示,AgNAC1有多个α螺旋和β转角二级结构单元。荧光定量PCR结果表明,AgNAC1在芹菜叶中表达量最高,具有组织特异性,同时对高温、低温、干旱和盐胁迫均有响应。‘六合黄心芹’中AgNAC1的表达水平在高温处理24 h达到最高。‘文图拉’中AgNAC1的表达水平在高温、低温及盐处理后2 h和8 h高于对照,呈现先下降后上升的趋势,在干旱处理4 h时表达水平最高。     

浅议生物多样性与森林生态系统生产力的关系

生物多样性与生态系统生产力之间的关系是目前生态学界的热点问题。文中结合森林生态系统自身的特点, 针对生物多样性和森林生态系统生产力2个不同概念, 阐述了现有的生物多样性和生产力关系的若干观点, 分析了现有观点中的争议点, 并在前人实验研究的基础上, 提出了森林生态系统中其他因素对两者关系的影响。     

Heterotrophic and autotrophic nitrification in two acid pasture soils

Laboratory incubation experiments, using ¹⁵N-labeling techniques and simple analytical models, were conducted to measure heterotrophic and autotrophic nitrification rates in two acid soils (pH 4.8-5.3; 1/5 in H₂O) with high organic carbon contents (6.2-6.8% in top 5 cm soil). The soils were from pastures located near Maindample and Ruffy in the Northeast Victoria, Australia. Gross rates of N mineralization, nitrification and immobilization were measured. The gross rates of autotrophic nitrification were 0.157 and 0.119 μg N g⁻¹ h⁻¹ and heterotrophic nitrification rates were 0.036 and 0.009 μg N g⁻¹ h⁻¹ for the Maindample and Ruffy soils, respectively. Heterotrophic nitrification accounted for 19% and 7% of the total nitrification in the Maindample and Ruffy soils, respectively. The heterotrophic nitrifiers used organic N compounds and no as the substrate for nitrification.     

Critical drainage and nitrate leaching losses from manures applied to freely draining soils in Great Britain

Abstract. Pig slurry was applied by open-slot injection to experimental plots on a sandy loam site at ADAS Gleadthorpe, Nottinghamshire. Volume and distribution of over-winter drainage were adjusted through the use of rainfall exclusion covers or irrigation. The resultant slurry N leaching over the range of drainage values tested (up to 300 mm) could be satisfactorily described by curve-fitting, using a quadratic or exponential function. Initial simulations of slurry N leaching using the manure nitrogen decision support system manner (v. 3.0) compared poorly with the experimental data, predicting both earlier and greater amounts of nitrate leaching. However, the lack of fit could be explained by consideration of the likely ammonia emissions following slurry injection, the actual volumetric soil moisture capacity at the experimental site and the likely time delay for the nitrification of slurry N following application. Good agreement between modelled and observed data was achieved when these factors were taken into account. The manner model was used to simulate nitrate leaching beyond the range of drainage treatments tested in the experiments and the anticipated sigmoidal relationship between nitrate leaching and drainage was observed. The model was then used to study the effects of manure application timing and the likely impact on nitrate leaching, across the range of rainfall conditions found in Great Britain. Simulations for a range of manure types were undertaken, with manures applied at rates up to the limit of permitted N loading on freely draining sandy loams. Rainfall inputs for these simulations were based on long-term average climatic data. Results are presented for two contrasting manure types, cattle slurry and poultry manure, both of which are subject to controls in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) in Great Britain.     

水稻生育期内红壤稻田氨氧化微生物数量和硝化势的变化

利用荧光定量PCR(Real-timePCR)技术,通过特异引物检测amoA基因拷贝数分析了水稻不同生育期红壤稻田土壤中氨氧化细菌(Ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB)和氨氧化古菌(Ammonia oxidizing archaea,AOA)的数量变化,并测定了土壤潜在硝化势。结果显示:红壤稻田土壤中AOA数量显著高于AOB,二者比例在1.6～120.7之间;红壤稻田根层土中AOA数量显著高于表土,随水稻生长根层和表土中AOA数量均逐渐增加,且根层土中增加幅度更大;在水稻生长前期表土中AOB数量较多,孕穗期后根层土中AOB数量显著增加且高于表土。水稻生长期内土壤潜在硝化势也具有逐渐增加趋势,且根层土潜在硝化势增加幅度更大。根层土中潜在硝化势与AOB和AOA数量均呈显著正相关,而表土中潜在硝化势只与AOA数量存在显著正相关。研究表明,红壤稻田土壤中AOA数量更为丰富,且与硝化作用的关联程度更为密切,证实了氨氧化微生物在红壤稻田土壤微生物组成及其生态系统功能中的重要性。     

Nitrogen and Irrigation Management Practices to Improve Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency and Minimize Leaching Losses

Summary

Nitrogen (N) is the most important nutrient for plant growth and production. Nitrogen uptake efficiency is dependent on a number of factors. Water management influences the transformation of N sources applied to the soil and transport of the nitrate form of N in the soil. Nitrate-N is the final product of N transformations and is quite mobile in soils with the water front. Leaching of nitrate below the rootzone is an economic loss and contributes to non-point source pollution of groundwater. In this chapter we summarize the factors influencing the N uptake efficiencies for various crops and production systems, and chemical and biological processes that influence the N transformation or losses. Recent advances leading to development of N and irrigation best management practices that support sustainable crop production and net returns while minimizing the non-point source nitrate pollution of ground-water are also discussed.