壳聚糖对仔猪生长性能及血清中类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ和生长激素水平的影响

本文旨在研究日粮中添加不同剂量壳聚糖对仔猪生产性能及血清中类胰岛素生长因子-I(IGF-I)和生长激素(GH)水平的影响。试验选择60日龄大白×长白×VI系杂交仔猪96头,随机分为4个日粮处理组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复8头,进行为期21 d的饲养试验。4种日粮分别是在基础日粮中添加0、0 .01 %、0 .05 %、0.1 %的壳聚糖配制而成。结果表明,壳聚糖对仔猪生长性能的影响呈二次剂量依赖关系,添加0 .01 %~0 .05 %壳聚糖能够提高仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量及增重耗料比,并可提高仔猪血清中IGF-Ι和GH含量。而添加更高水平时生长性能却有下降趋势。因此,在本试验条件下初步得出,0 .01 %~0 .05 %为壳聚糖在仔猪日粮中的适宜添加量。     

Recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing P12A and 3C of FMDV can partially protect piglets against FMDV challenge

One of the crucial factors for evaluation of an effective genetically engineered vaccine is whether susceptible animals are protected from virus challenge after vaccination. In this study, a recombinant pseudorabies virus (PRV-P12A3C) that expressed capsid precursor polypeptide P12A and nonstructural protein 3C of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was used as a vaccine. The expression of P12A3C and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy against FMDV challenge were measured. Humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated after each immunization. Subsequently, each piglet was challenged with 1000 ID₅₀ (50% infection dose) FMDV serotype O, named OR/80, which is used to produce vaccine in China. PRV-P12A3C induced a high level of neutralizing antibody and FMDV-specific lymphocytes. Inactivated vaccine provided 100% protection, and the vector strain (TK⁻/gE⁻/gI⁻) showed no protection. PRV-P12A3C induced 60% protection, compared with piglets that were vaccinated with TK⁻/gE⁻/gI⁻. The severity of clinical signs for the remaining two piglets was lighter and the appearance of vesicles was delayed.     

生物占位因子防治仔猪黄白痢的试验研究

生物占位因子是一种生物高科技产品,该产品对由毒素源性大肠杆菌引起的仔猪黄、白痢病具有良好的预防兼治疗作用。本试验研究应用该产品通过初生仔猪口服进行预防,并应用本品对未预防和预防后发病的病猪进行治疗,配合有效的饲养环境消毒,使猪群预防后发病保护率达到93％以上,病猪治愈率达到95％以上。     

新疆褐牛应激综合症的防控

新疆褐牛是新疆养牛业的主导品种。随着社会经济的发展和养牛新技术的推广,在新疆褐牛养殖过程中,新疆褐牛的推广力度和养殖水平也逐步提高,新疆褐牛架子牛、育肥牛、种公牛及生产母牛异地调运频繁;同时为提高养殖效益,新疆褐牛断奶犊牛月龄逐步提前到4月龄;在养殖生产过程中,常常发生运输应激综合症和早期断奶应激症。本文通过探讨新疆褐牛运输综合症发生病因、症状和早期断奶犊牛应激表现,提出防控应对措施,以期为广大新疆褐牛养殖户在牛只调运和早期断奶技术上提供参考。     

微生物发酵豆粕对断奶仔猪生长、血清指标及肠道形态的影响

本文旨在研究微生物发酵豆粕对仔猪生长及血清指标的影响,并且根据肠道组织形态学的微观变化,评价了不同处理的豆粕对早期断奶仔猪肠道形态的影响.选用60头35日龄断奶体重为(8.62±0.21)kg的同窝杜×长×大仔猪,分为试验组和对照组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头,分别饲喂以普通豆粕为对照组,微生物发酵豆粕为试验组的日粮.试验结果表明:饲喂微生物发酵豆粕使仔猪料重比降低8.39%(P＜0.05),腹泻指数降低39.96%(P＜0.01),血清尿素氮含量降低39.47%(P＜0.01),血清IgG含量降低6.35%(P＜0.05).豆粕经微生物发酵后减轻饲粮中大豆蛋白对肠道的过敏损伤,使肠道维持良好的结构形态,从而促进营养物质的消化吸收.     

Transmission of classical swine fever virus within herds during the 1997-1998 epidemic in The Netherlands

In this paper, we describe the transmission of Classical Swine Fever virus (CSF virus) within herds during the 1997–1998 epidemic in the Netherlands. In seven herds where the infection started among individually housed breeding stock, all breeding pigs had been tested for antibodies to CSF virus shortly before depopulation. Based upon these data, the transmission of CSF virus between pigs was described as exponential growth in time with a parameter r, that was estimated at 0.108 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.060–0.156). The accompanying per-generation transmission (expressed as the basic reproduction ratio, R₀) was estimated at 2.9. Based upon this characterisation, a calculation method was derived with which serological findings at depopulation can be used to calculate the period in which the virus was with a certain probability introduced into that breeding stock. This model was used to estimate the period when the virus had been introduced into 34 herds where the infection started in the breeding section. Of these herds, only a single contact with a herd previously infected had been traced. However, in contrast with the seven previously mentioned herds, only a sample of the breeding pigs had been tested before depopulation (as was the common procedure during the epidemic). The observed number of days between the single contact with an infected herd and the day of sampling of these 34 herds fitted well in the model. Thus, we concluded that the model and transmission parameter was in agreement with the transmission between breeding pigs in these herds.

Because of the limited sample size and because it was usually unknown in which specific pen the infection started, we were unable to estimate transmission parameters for weaned piglets and finishing pigs from the data collected during the epidemic. However, from the results of controlled experiments in which R₀ was estimated as 81 between weaned piglets and 14 between heavy finishing pigs (Laevens et al., 1998a. Vet. Quart. 20, 41–45; Laevens et al., 1999. Ph.D. Thesis), we constructed a simple model to describe the transmission of CSF virus in compartments (rooms) housing finishing pigs and weaned piglets. From the number of pens per compartment, the number of pigs per pen, the numbers of pigs tested for antibodies to CSF virus and the distribution of the seropositive pigs in the compartment, this model gives again a period in which the virus most probably entered the herd. Using the findings in 41 herds where the infection started in the section of the finishers or weaned piglets of the age of 8 weeks or older, and of which only a single contact with a herd previously infected was known, there was no reason to reject the model. Thus, we concluded that the transmission between weaned piglets and finishing pigs during the epidemic was not significantly different from the transmission observed in the experiments.     

Microbial activity in the gut of piglets: II. Effect of fibre source and enzyme supplementation

Twenty four Duroc × Landrace male piglets, aged 21 days, were assigned to 1 of 4 experimental diets. Diets 1 and 2 contained 150 g kg^− 1 wheat bran and diets 3 and 4 contained 90 g kg^− 1 maize cobs as the major fibre source. All diets contained 480 g kg^− 1 wheat and 200 g kg^− 1 soybean meal. Diets 2 and 4 were supplemented with the following enzyme complex: 800 U/kg cellulase, 1800 U/kg glucanase and 2600 U/kg xylanase.

The replacement of wheat bran by maize cobs increased the acetic (P < 0.05) and decreased the butyric acid production (P < 0.05) in the cecum. Piglets fed diets with maize cobs had lower (P < 0.05) levels of butyric acid in the colon than those fed wheat bran.

The xylanolytic, pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzyme activities were higher (P < 0.05) in the cecum and colon of piglets fed the wheat bran based diets. The supplementation of the diet with the enzyme complex did not significantly affect the levels of short chain fatty acids formed in the small intestine and there was a non significant increase of the levels of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in the cecum and colon of piglets (P < 0.10). No interactions were present between fibre sources and enzyme addition.

The results suggest that the enzyme supplementation of the diet did not bring significant benefits to the animals and that when maize cobs replaces wheat bran in diets it negatively affects butyric acid production and fibre-degrading enzyme activity in the hindgut of piglets.     

新生仔猪赖氨酸的需要量研究

本试验旨在研究不同日粮赖氨酸水平对新生仔猪生长性能、氮利用及体沉积的影响,探讨新生仔猪赖氨酸的需要量.选取4日龄、平均体重为(1-90±0.05)kg的杜×长×大三元杂新生仔猪46头,其中40头按窝别和体重分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复2头猪,另外6头在试验开始时屠宰,测定体成分;各组日粮赖氨酸水平分别为1.27%(对照组)、1.37%、1.47%、1.57%及1.67%,饲养至21日龄.结果表明:1)1.47%～1.67%组仔猪21日龄体重、15～21日龄及4～21日龄平均日增重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),以1.57%组平均日增重最大.1.57%组和1.67%组在15～21日龄及4～21日龄的平均日采食量显著高于对照组(P<0.05).1.37%～1.67%组的仔猪料重比均显著低于对照组(P<0.05).2)1.47%～1.67%组仔猪氮的生物学价值显著高于1.27%～1.37%组(P<0.05).3)日粮赖氨酸水平未显著影响能量和脂肪沉积(P>0.05);随日粮赖氨酸水平的提高,蛋白质的每日沉积量增加,147%~1.67%组显著高于1.27%～1.37%组(P<0.05),以1.67%组最大.综合各项测定指标得出,4～21日龄仔猪日粮赖氨酸适宜水平为1.57%,即赖氨酸含量为73.1 g/kg CP或0.85 g/MJ DE;仔猪每日赖氨酸需要量为2.43 g/d.     

新型发酵豆粕在断奶仔猪日粮中应用效果

旨在研究新型发酵豆粕对断奶仔猪生产性能、血液生化指标和肠道发育的影响.根据胎次、体质量相近原则,选择90头26日龄体质量为(4.75±0.38)kg的杜枫姜断奶仔猪,分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组(饲粮中添加17.5%发酵豆粕)和试验Ⅱ组(饲粮中添加35%发酵豆粕),每组3个重复,每重复10头.结果表明:试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组仔猪日增体质量显著高于对照组,分别增加13.90%(P<0.05)、50.55%(P<0.01),料重比较对照组分别降低19.47%(P<0.05)和4.21%(P>0.05).试验Ⅱ组(P<0.01)、试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)仔猪腹泻率均显著低于对照组.试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅰ组血清尿素氮(BUN)含量分别比对照组低5.23%(P<0.05)、4.13%(P<0.05).两试验组总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)含量均有不同程度升高,血糖(GLU)均显著高于对照组(P<0.05).试验Ⅱ组的肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值显著高于对照组(P<0.05),隐窝深度和肠壁厚度显著降低.新型发酵豆粕可改善断奶仔猪生长性能,显著降低腹泻率,提高饲料利用率,且可促进仔猪胃肠道发育.     

Inflammation-associated responses in piglets induced with post-weaning colibacillosis are influenced by dietary protein level

Forty piglets (average body weight = 5.32 kg) were used to investigate the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) content on immunological responses following a challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88. Pigs, housed 4 per pen, were randomly allotted to 2 diets: 1) a high, 225 g/kg CP diet (HCP) or 2) a low, 176 g/kg CP diet (LCP) supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Pigs were orally challenged with 6 mL of an ETEC K88 suspension containing 10¹⁰ cfu/mL on d 8 after weaning. Blood samples were collected from 10 pigs (1 pig/pen) on d 7 (at weaning), −24 h, 8 h, 72 h and 7 d after the challenge for determination of plasma urea N (PUN) and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and haptoglobin (Hp). Tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β and Hp were measured as indicators of inflammatory responses. The concentrations of serum TNF-α at 8 h, 72 h and 7 d after challenge were similar to the level observed at 24 h before challenge but higher (P < 0.05) than the weaning level. Pigs fed the LCP diet had lower (P = 0.032) concentrations of IL-1β (72 vs. 116 pg/mL) at 8 h post-challenge compared with those fed the HCP diet. Likewise, pigs fed the LCP diet tended to have lower (P = 0.088) concentration of Hp (9 vs. 25 mg/dL) compared with those fed the HCP diet at 8 h post-challenge. Compared with the weaning concentration, PUN concentration at 72 h after ETEC challenge was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the HCP diet. The results indicate that the LCP diet supplemented with crystalline amino acids reduced inflammatory responses, as indicated by serum IL-1β, in piglets infected with ETEC K88.