渥丹百合种内居群形态多样性研究

对渥丹百合种内10个居群的茎、叶、花、果实、种子的25个性状进行了调查和分析,研究不同居群的形态多样性。结果表明:根据分类学性状可将渥丹分为变种有斑百合、黄花渥丹和大花百合。大花百合比有斑百合的叶宽且短,花瓣长且宽,花粉生活力低,种子有胚率低;黄花渥丹比有斑百合叶长且宽,花瓣长且宽,种子有胚率和发芽率低。有斑百合与黄花渥丹亲缘关系较近,与大花百合亲缘关系较远。     

Florida panther dispersal and conservation

We studied dispersal in 27 radio-collared Florida panthers Puma concolor coryi in southern Florida from 1986 to 2000. Male dispersal was longer (mean=68.4 km) than that of females (mean=20.3 km), tended to be circular, frustrated, and of insufficient length to ameliorate inbreeding. Females were philopatric and established home ranges that were less than one home range width away from their natal ranges. All females were successful in establishing territories, whereas males were successful 63% of the time. Dispersing panthers avoided moving toward the southeast and into an area of limited forest cover. Independence and the initiation of dispersal occurred at about 14 months of age and lasted for an average of 7.0-9.6 months for females and males, respectively. On average, Florida panthers disperse shorter distances than are typical for western populations of Puma concolor. A recent increase in long distance male dispersal events may be related to an increase in reproduction and population density resulting from the introduction of female cougars P. c. stanleyana into south Florida. Although the population exhibits the behavioral ability to colonize nearby vacant range, females have yet to do so. Successful dispersal to these areas could be facilitated by habitat restoration and translocation of females.     

Ecdysteroid receptor docking suggests that dibenzoylhydrazine-based insecticides are devoid of any deleterious effect on the parasitic wasp Psyttalia concolor (Hym. Braconidae)

BACKGROUND: The moulting accelerating compounds (MACs) or ecdysteroid agonists represent a selective group of insecticides acting upon binding to the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) and leading to lethal premature moulting in larval stages and aborted reproduction in adults. Psyttalia concolor Szèpl. is a useful parasitic wasp attacking important tephritid pests such as the medfly and olive fruit fly. RESULTS: Contact and oral exposure in the laboratory of female parasitic wasps to the dibenzoylhydrazine‐based methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide and RH‐5849 did not provoke negative effects. No mortality and no reduction in beneficial capacity were observed. The ligand‐binding domain (LBD) of the EcR of P. concolor was sequenced, and a homology protein model was constructed which confirmed a cavity structure with 12 α‐helices, harbouring the natural insect moulting hormone 20‐hydroxyecdysone. However, a steric clash occurred for the MAC insecticides owing to a restricted extent of the ligand‐binding cavity of the PcLBD‐EcR, while they did dock well in that of susceptible insects. CONCLUSIONS: The insect toxicity assays demonstrated that MACs are selective for P. concolor. The modelling/docking experiments are indications that these insecticides do not bind with the LBD‐EcR of P. concolor and support the theory that they show no biological effects in the parasitic wasp. These data may help in explaining the compatible use of MACs together with parasitic wasps in IPM programmes. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Non-mycorrhizal fungal endophytes in two orchids of Kaiga forest (Western Ghats), India

We used standard isolation protocols to explore the endophytic fungal communities in three tissue types of two dominant orchids (Bulbophyllum neilgherrense and Vanda testacea) of the Kaiga forest ofthe Western Ghats. We surface sterilized and assessed 90 segments ofeach orchid for the occurrence and diversity of endophytic fungal taxa.The 118 fungal isolates were obtained from root, bulb and leaves of B.neilgherrense, consisting of 17 anamorphic taxa (range, 10 15 taxa) with 1.3 fungal taxa per segment (range, 1.2 1.4 taxa). Four taxa (Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium sp. and morpho sp. 1) belonged to the coregroup (11.1% 32.2%). The relative abundance of A. flavus and morpho sp.1 was more than 10%. A total of 130 fungal isolates from roots, stems and leaves of V. testacea yielded 20 anamorphic taxa (range, 11 15 taxa)with 1.4 fungal taxa per segment (range, 1.4 1.5 taxa). Aspergillus flavus,A. niger, A. ochraceus, Gliocladium viride, Penicillium sp. and morphosp. 1 belonged to the core group. Relative abundance exceeded 10% for A. flavus, A. niger, and morpho sp. 1. The Simpson and Shannon diversity indices were higher in leaf than root or bulb/stem of both orchids.Jaccard’s similarity coefficient was higher between root and leaf in both orchids (56.3% 60%) than between other pairs. Our study revealed thatthe endophytic fungal assemblage and diversity of B. neilgherrense and V.testacea of Kaiga forest of the Western Ghats were relatively similar between orchids and their tissues.     

Wildfire Effects on Understory Vegetation,Natural Regeneration,and Forest Floor Fuels in a Sierran Mixed Conifer Stand

Wildfire effects on understory shrubs and herbs, regeneration of the seedling and sapling size classes, and downed and dead fuels were assessed in a mixed conifer stand located in the Lake Tahoe Basin in which California white fir (Abies concolor var. lowiana [Gord.] Lemm.) was most abundant but with Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) also prevalent. In burned and unburned stand portions, prefire measurements served as a basis of comparison for the postfire measurements pertinent to each study component. Fire severely suppressed the understory vegetation, which was dominated by shrubs such as bush chinquapin (Chrysolepis sempervirens [Kellogg] Hjelmqvist) and antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata [Pursh] DC.), while a tepid postfire recovery of most of the preexisting species in the burned stand portion was augmented by new ones, including shrubs such as snowbrush (Ceanothus velutinus Douglas ex Hook.) and whitethorn (Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg) ceanothus and herbs such as Holboell's rockcress (Arabis holboellii Hornem.). Tree seedling abundance was also substantially reduced in the burned portion, but the postfire population was dominated by Jeffrey pine whereas white fir had been most prevalent originally. Sapling regeneration was eliminated from the burned stand portion regardless of species. Downed and dead fuel loading was severely diminished by the fire, especially regarding fine fuels, permitting subsequent sheet erosion to imperil new seedling regeneration. These results contribute to an understanding of the direction and pace of postwildfire succession on sites occupied by Sierra Nevada mixed conifer and similar forest cover types, which is critical in decisions concerning the need for, and extent of, postfire site rehabilitation measures.     

渥丹百合多倍体气孔性状的调查研究

用秋水仙素处理二倍体渥丹百合得到四倍体,对渥丹四倍体、二倍体及对照气孔进行观察.3个加倍的四倍体渥丹百合株系的气孔长度分别为51.25、56.50和54.26/μm,对照的气孔长度为37.42 μm,经秋水仙处理未加倍的二倍体株系气孔长度与对照接近,为38.75 μm.四倍体百合株系的气孔长度明显长于二倍体,从气孔密度看,加倍的四倍体渥丹各株系均明显低于二倍体,平均为10个/mm2,而二倍体渥丹及未加倍株系的气孔密度分别为17.1个/mm2和17.9个/mm2.气孔的大小和密度可以作为鉴别渥丹百合多倍体的显著区别性状.同时四倍体渥丹的保卫细胞也较二倍体有显著增大.     

Performance of wick irrigation system using self-compensating troughs with substrates for lettuce production

Subirrigation systems in which water and nutrients are supplied to the substrate through wick strips for upward nutrient solution (NS) movement can be a feasible alternative to improve lettuce quality with low environmental pollution, enabling production with reduced labor and electricity or in regions with high air temperature. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of two wick irrigation systems using self-compensating troughs filled with either pine bark (WPB) or coconut coir (WCC) with nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system for greenhouse lettuce production. The daily monitoring of electrical conductivity (EC) and pH allowed the experiment management according to the recommended values for optimal lettuce growth. The EC showed variation among troughs and salt accumulation in substrates, with WPB exhibiting two times greater EC than WCC (ranging from 0.95 to 7.57 and from 0.68 to 3.67 dS·m^?1, respectively), while the pH values were stable over time. The WCC promoted greater root length and shoot diameter, while WPB produced shorter plants compared to the other two treatments. NFT resulted in an 83% lower leaf area and 44% lower root volume than WPB and WCC. The fresh and dry shoot masses with NFT were 58% and 24% lower than with WPB and WCC, respectively. The fresh root mass was also reduced in NFT plants, which was 67% smaller than WCC and 59% smaller than WPB. Root dry mass of NFT was 35% lower than the average of WPB and WCC. Nitrate (NO₃)-nitrogen (N), ammonium (NH₄)-N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in plant shoot and root at the end of the experiment as well as the same nutrients, chloride, sodium, and bicarbonate concentrations in substrate and NS determined weekly differed among the treatments (P < 0.01). The EC and nutrient concentration in the substrates increased over time. The wick irrigation system with both substrates resulted in higher productivity than NFT, with higher yield and plant quality in WCC, indicating its feasibility as an alternative system for lettuce production in greenhouses. However, due to the salinity buildup, water and nutrition management needs to be optimized for self-compensating troughs to avoid an increase in substrate EC over time.     

曼稿自然保护区野生大花万代兰分布现状

在西双版纳曼稿自然保护区的4个天然植被亚型中选设了5条调查样线,以搞清自然保护区大花万代兰的垂直分布、生境选择及其附主植物．结果表明：曼稿自然保护区海拔1130～1600m范围均有野生大花万代兰分布,分布最为集中的是海拔1200～1450m的针阔混交林;多分布于林木上层郁闭度50％～60％的阳坡地段;主要附主植物有毛叶青冈、大叶栎、黑黄檀、银叶栲等．针对野生大花万代兰具有的保护价值及其目前所面临的各种威胁．提出加大管护力度、对其分布及种群数量进行长期性监测、开展人工培育技术研究等保护建议．     

有斑百合多倍体诱导及鉴定

为了建立野生有斑百合多基因型种子离体多倍体诱导方法及快速、准确和高效的多倍体鉴定技术,本研究在离体培养条件下,以野生有斑百合预培养7 d的无菌萌动种子(2n=2x=24)为材料,用不同含量的秋水仙素溶液进行不同时间的诱变处理。以种子下胚轴明显膨大作为变异植株早期鉴定的标准,通过流式细胞仪检测细胞核DNA含量,并结合染色体计数法对诱导后的植株进行倍性鉴定,探讨在相同的种子萌动状态下,不同含量、不同浸泡时间的秋水仙素诱变效果,并初步建立了种子离体多倍体诱导和鉴定技术流程。结果表明:0.10%的秋水仙素溶液可有效地诱导野生有斑百合萌动种子的染色体加倍,其中以浸泡处理36 h的诱导效果最好,诱导率达44.43%;与二倍体植株相比,四倍体植株表现出叶片肥厚且增宽、叶色深绿、叶表面轻微褶皱、叶柄粗壮、生长缓慢等特征。研究还发现,植物外部形态变化不仅在二倍体和四倍体之间存在,而且在不同基因型的四倍体之间也存在差异。本研究利用下胚轴的膨大作为早期筛选多倍体的有效指标,同时结合直接测定细胞中DNA含量和计数染色体数可快速有效地培育出野生有斑百合同源四倍体植株。本研究建立的离体多倍体诱导流程除可应用于有斑百合种子多倍体的诱导外,也可为其他野生百合种子离体染色体加倍提供参考。      

低温胁迫下布鲁拉诺×渥丹杂交后代的抗寒性分析

以亚洲百合系品种布鲁拉诺与我国原产野生种渥丹百合种间杂交后代群体5个株系和亲本为试材,研究了4℃,-2℃,-8℃,-14℃,-20℃低温胁迫下百合鳞片组织电导率、SOD活性、MDA含量及可溶性蛋白含量的变化规律。结果表明:在低温胁迫下,百合鳞片的电导率呈"S"形增长,但不同试材间略有差异;SOD活性呈先升高后下降的趋势;MDA和可溶性蛋白的含量呈上升—下降—上升的变化趋势。运用隶属函数法对杂交后代进行初步抗寒综合评价,抗寒强弱顺序为BW-12>渥丹>BW-4>BW-11>BW-6>BW-1>布鲁拉诺,多数杂交后代的抗寒性介于父母本之间,但也有超亲现象出现。