我国林业CDM固C项目的前景、影响及相关对策

本文从林业的角度对《联合国关于气候变化的框架公约》，《京都议定书》的相关条款做了介绍，并对CDM（清洁发展机制)林业固C项目在我国开展的前景及影响做了分析。主要结论如下：1)CDM林业固C项目是我国林业发展的重大机遇，通过为林业争取国外资金、技术支持及促进生态效益补偿制度的建立，将有力促进我国林业展与生态建设。2)为了充分把握CDM林业固C项目的机会，需要对林业的固C总量及固C潜力，可纳入CDM的林业固C项目的类型与特征，合适的CDM固C造林技术及模式，C贮量测定的标准化以及CDM的运行机制等进行研究。3)建议通过国际合作研究培养相关人材，开展小规模的CDM固C项目试点，并通过相关部门积极申报CDM森林固C项目。     

Tracking the Trade in Ornamental Coral Reef Organisms: The Importance of CITES and its Limitations

The extraction of coral reef organisms for the aquarium and curio trade is reported to be contributing to coral reef degradation. The total international trade and associated impacts are unknown, because data are collected only for organisms listed on Appendix II of CITES, which include stony corals, antipatharians and giant clams. CITES data indicate that trade in live stony coral and reef substrate (live rock) increased by 15–30% each year during the 1990s, with most exports since 1992 from Indonesia and Fiji. Overall, 19% of all stony coral traded (by item) from 1985 to 1997 was live; 71kern-1pt% of this was traded between 1993 and 1997 (52% of total trade). Although tracking trade using information from the CITES Trade Database provides limited information (e.g., coral is reported to genus, and volume is reported by item or weight), the CITES mechanism promotes the development of strategies to protect resources. In response to CITES requirements, Indonesia developed a management plan for sustainable harvest of corals, but not for non-CITES listed species such as soft corals and fishes. Trade in hard and soft coral provides revenue for developing countries; however, in order to be of lasting value the industry must be developed with a conservation ethic. This requires support for international programs such as CITES, management plans for sustainable harvest, and improved enforcement.     

Against the neoliberal steamroller? The Biosafety Protocol and the social regulation of agricultural biotechnologies

Through a discursive and organizational analysis we seek to understand the Biosafety Protocol and the place of socioeconomic regulation of agricultural biotechnology in it. The literature on the Protocol has been fairly extensive, but little of it has explored debates over socioeconomic regulation during the negotiation process or the regulatory requirements specified in the final document. This case is especially important at a time when the spread of neoliberalism is increasingly associated with deregulation, because it sheds light on the conditions under which circumvention of the market is deemed legitimate and socio-economic regulation of agricultural technology is possible. Daniel Lee Kleinman is a professor in the Department of Rural Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where he is also affiliated with the Holtz Center for Science and Technology Studies and the Integrated Liberal Studies Program. He is the author and editor of a number of books, including Impure Cultures: University Biology and the World of Commerce (2003). Abby J. Kinchy is a PhD candidate in the Departments of Sociology and Rural Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Her current research examines the controversies surrounding the genetic “contamination” of Mexican maize and Canadian canola.     

Plant conservation: old problems, new perspectives

Nature conservation has changed from an idealistic philosophy to a serious technology(J. Harper, 1992)A review is given of the major conceptual changes that have taken place during the last 50 years in our understanding of the nature of plant conservation and of the principal methodological advances in undertaking conservation assessments and actions, largely through the incorporation of tools and techniques from other disciplines. The interrelationships between conservation and sustainable use are considered as well as the impact of the development of the discipline of conservation biology, the effects of the general acceptance of the concept of biodiversity and the practical implications of the implementation of the Convention on Biological diversity. The effect on conservation policy and management of the accelerating loss or conversion of habitats throughout the world and approaches for combating this are discussed.     

箭筈豌豆新品种DUS测试指南研制—测试性状评价和参照品种筛选

以国际植物新品种保护联盟(UPOV)制定的植物新品种DUS(distinctness, uniformity and stability)测试指南总则(TG/1/3)、箭筈豌豆DUS测试指南(TG/32/7)等技术文件为指导,对箭筈豌豆DUS测试指南的核心技术内容:测试性状和参照品种等开展了研究。在国内外共收集到51个箭筈豌豆品种,并进行连续2年的田间观测。观测性状总计31个,包括UPOV箭筈豌豆DUS测试指南中的23个性状,以及本实验发现有特异性的8个新增性状。对每个测试性状的表达状态、观测时期、测定方法、观测数量等进行了分级和详尽描述。共筛选出32个参照品种(国际21个, 我国11个),确定了123个表达状态。并对UPOV 箭筈豌豆DUS测试指南中“外种皮底色”和“种子形状”表达状态的分级进行了补充。本研究结果可为我国箭筈豌豆新品种 DUS 测试指南的制定奠定技术基础,对促进我国箭筈豌豆品种保护、审定和育种工作具有重要的意义。     

生物多样性和我国作物遗传资源多样性

生物多样性问题,已受到国际社会的高度重视。本文概述了生物多样性的内容和意义以及国际“生物多样性公约”。介绍了作为生物多样性重要组成部分的作物遗传资源多样性。中国作物遗传资源十分丰富,在世界上占有重要地位。保护和利用好作物遗传资源已成为我国和世界各国的共同愿望和紧迫任务。     

论我国反腐败刑事司法协助中的证人制度——以《联合国反腐败公约》为视角

反腐败刑事司法协助是国际打击与惩罚腐败犯罪的重要制度之一。证人制度是其中不可或缺的组成部分。《联合国反腐败公约》对刑事司法协助中的证人制度规定较为具体,如电视会议作证方式、污点证人作证、证人作证刑事责任豁免制度等。我国仅在《刑事诉讼法》中规定了普通刑事案件的证人制度,在刑事司法协助中的证人规定上存在明显不足。以《联合国反腐败公约》为视角,梳理该公约对刑事司法协助证人制度的规定,指出我国制定《刑事司法协助法》、引入高科技作证方式、构建污点证人及证人作证刑事责任豁免制度等具有迫切的现实必要性。     

中国植物新品种保护制度实践及趋势研究

介绍了我国植物新品种保护机构设备、保护审查制度内容。分析了国际植物新品种保护的新趋势并提出了新形势下我国植物新品种保护的应对策略。     

我国进口《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》管制树种贸易动态

使用2009—2015年《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）管制树种贸易数据分析我国进口CITES管制树种的种类、来源国、贸易目的和树种来源。研究结果显示,中国进口CITES管制树种呈现出进口种类集中、进口树种数量和来源国不断增加的趋势,且进口CITES管制树种基本来源于野外并用于商业性用途。针对贸易现状,文中从保护野生树种资源的角度对进一步规范CITES贸易活动提出了针对性建议。