Effects of Benzyl Adenine and Abscisic Acid on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Triticale and Wheat

Grain yield and yield components (grains per ear, grain weight, 1000-grain weight, ear weight, ear seed ratio and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed) were examined in a wheat genotype (PBW-343) with well-filled grains and a Triticale genotype (DT-46) with poorly filled grains (showing grain shrivelling) grown in pots. Six days after anthesis (DAA), benzyladenine (BA) @2 µg ear⁻¹ and abscisic acid (ABA) @4 µg ear⁻¹ were injected at the base of the mother shoot ear in both species. It was observed that, in both wheat and Triticale , BA increased the grain weight, grain number and partitioning of dry matter between ear and seed, whereas ABA decreased the grain weight, grain number and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed. However, these decreases were slower in Triticale than in wheat. BA treatment increased the grain dry matter accumulation, which in turn resulted in better filling of grains and increased the grain weight in both wheat and Triticale . The average grain weight of Triticale was lower than that of wheat. Thus, it appears that variation in grain weight between wheat and Triticale might be due to different availabilities of growth-promoting phytohormones such as cytokinins and assimilates.     

苏南丘陵区秋播苜蓿适用伴生作物筛选试验

为解决苏南丘陵区苜蓿苗期的杂草问题,从保护播种入手,在多年生黑麦草、一年生黑麦草、黑麦、小黑麦四种作物共五个品种中寻找适宜的伴生作物.通过对产量、株高、杂草率等多个指标测定分析,筛选出中新830小黑麦、赣选一号黑麦草适于用作苜蓿播种的伴生作物,同时获得两个苜蓿存活率最高的处理：苜蓿（15kg/hm^2）＋中新830小黑麦（150kg/hm^2）撒播及苜蓿（18 kg/hm^2）＋中新830小黑麦（250kg/hm^2）30cm条播.试验还表明撒播方式下,苜蓿播量与其竞争力不成正比。     

基于主成分与灰色关联分析的饲草小黑麦品种筛选与配套技术研究

为了筛选在山西省雁门关地区最适宜种植的小黑麦品种以及配套的高产优质栽培技术,利用主成分分析法和灰色关联度分析法综合评价不同小黑麦品种在不同密度和肥料条件下的产量和饲草品质。结果表明,小黑麦饲草品质指标中糖类和蛋白类指标变异较大,但是总的可消化养分以及能量品质变化较小。相关性分析表明,相对饲料价值（RFV）与粗蛋白含量、瘤胃降解蛋白含量、醇溶糖含量、总可消化养分、产奶净能、维持净能、增重净能和相对饲料质量（RFQ）均呈极显著正相关。RFV主要通过酸性和中性洗涤纤维计算而来,在单一指标中最能反映饲草品质。综合考虑灰色关联度和主成分分析方法,晋饲草1号（播种量150kg/hm²,复合肥750kg/hm²、尿素150kg/hm²）最适宜雁门关地区推广种植。     

小黑麦F_1、F_2产量性状的遗传率和群体杂种优势分析

为了解小黑麦产量性状的遗传规律和群体杂种优势的表现,采用完全双列杂交试验设计,利用农艺性状的加性-显性遗传模型,分析了小黑麦15个F1、F2代组合7个主要产量性状的遗传表现。结果表明,单株产量、株高、穗下节间长、每穗粒数和千粒重的遗传率达到了显著水平,穗下节间长和株高的遗传率较高。单株产量、千粒重和株高在F1、F2代都具有很强的群体杂种优势,F2代优势比F1代降低了50%左右,F1杂种优势平均可延续1.1~2.0代,强优势组合杂种优势可延续到3代。     

小黑麦萌发期耐盐性评价

为了解不同基因型小黑麦萌发期的耐盐能力,以87份小黑麦品种(系)为材料,分析了不同浓度NaCl溶液(100～250mmol·L-1)处理后小黑麦种子萌发的变化。结果表明,200～250mmol·L-1 NaCl对小黑麦种子萌发影响显著。在200mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,可以鉴别不同小黑麦材料的耐盐性差异。利用200mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗干重的耐盐系数进行聚类分析,87份材料中,耐盐性较强的材料有32份,中间型有14份,盐敏感型41份。     

The effect of colchicine on triticale anther-derived plants: Microspore pre-treatment and haploid-plant treatment using a hydroponic recovery system

In cereals, chromosome doubling of microspore-derived haploid plants is a critical step in producing doubled haploid plants. This investigation was undertaken to study the effect of incorporation of colchicine in the induction medium for anther culture, and the effect of colchicine on anther culture-derived plants of triticale grown under controlled greenhouse conditions. In the latter case, chromosome doubling of adult sterile plants derived from anther culture of fourteen triticale populations was attempted, where androgenetic plants with non-dehiscent anthers were cloned and subjected to the colchicine treatment, and then grown with the aid of hydroponics. The hydroponic system provided optimal conditions for recovery of the affected haploids from the toxic effects of colchicine treatment and all colchicine-treated plants survived. A topcross-F₁ (TC₁F₁) population with timopheevii cytoplasm produced the highest percentage of plants with seed-set either due to chromosome doubling by colchicine (98%) or spontaneous doubling of chromosome number (15%). Colchicine-treated anthers performed inferior than control in both induction and regeneration phases. One of the key observation of this study was the reversal from reproductive stage back to the vegetative stage which in turn enabled further cloning of haploid plants under hydroponic conditions once they were identified as sterile. The one hundred percent survival rate of in vitro-derived plants, 100% survival rate of colchicine treated haploid plants and the high chromosome doubling success rate (X = 82.3) observed in this study imply that a temperature-controlled greenhouse with an hydroponic system provides an efficient environment for inducing chromosome doubling of haploid plants in cereals. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

用荧光原位杂交技术检测黑麦染色质

荧光原位杂交技术（fluorescence in situ hybridization ,FISH）是一种快速、准确、直接检测和定位外源染色质的新技术。本研究荧光原位杂交用毛地黄毒苷-11-dUTP标记黑麦总DNA作探针,以检测小麦中黑麦染色质。结果如下：八倍体小黑麦（2n=8x=56）有丝分裂中期有14条染色体显示黄色,42条染色体显示红色,红色间期核显示有14个黄色亮点,表明这八倍体小黑麦含14条黑麦染色体。八倍体小黑麦中黄色黑麦染色体显C-带和H-带的末端有绿色的带。这是由于黑麦染色体末端结构异染色质含量高所致。黑麦附加系2R的间期细胞核中有1 ～ 2个黄色亮点。这表明2R含有1至2条黑麦染色体。     

14份小黑麦资源在青海民和地区的适应性试验

[目的]为获得适宜在青海民和地区种植的小黑麦品种,[方法]在当地进行国内外小黑麦品种的适应性试验,测定其生育期、株高、出苗率、发芽等指标。[结果]结果表明：国内的小黑麦品种比国外的品种生育期短2-10 d;株高相比较而言“Pingpong”最高,达164.3cm,其次是“中饲1048”(158.07cm)和“中饲3241”(153.50cm);出苗率“中饲1048”最高,为60.67%;综合发芽指标及千粒重分析表明, “中饲1048”最高,“中饲3241”次之,在该地区表现出良好的适应性。[结论]因此,“Pingpong”、“中饲1048”和“中饲3241”三个品种可以作为该地区种植的推荐品种。     

小黑麦杂交F_1代真假杂种的ISSR标记鉴定及遗传多样性分析

为了给ISSR标记技术应用于小黑麦杂种鉴定提供参考,利用ISSR标记对小黑麦品系P1和P_2有性杂交得到的F_1代群体进行分子鉴定,同时结合田间表型调查结果对F_1代群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,66个杂交F_1代单株中,52个为真杂种,其中,5个单株无主茎、未结实,1个生长后期死亡。14条ISSR引物对46个正常结实真杂种扩增的多态性条带百分率为61.19%,其中,UBC822的多态性条带百分率为100%,UBC808和UBC815的多态性条带百分率均为75%。F_1代群体和父母本的遗传相似系数为0.62~0.94,说明杂交后代产生了丰富的遗传变异。聚类分析将杂交F_1代群体和父母本在阈值0.748处分为3大类群,第1类群包括1份材料(父本,P1),第2类群包括1份材料(母本,P_2),第3类包括46个杂交F_1代单株;杂交F_1代与父母本的遗传距离较远,先与母本聚为一类,之后与父本聚为一类。田间调查结果表明,7个性状中,除株高偏向于父本外,分蘖数、有效分蘖数、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数和穗粒重均偏向于母本,与父本的差距较大,这与ISSR分析结果基本相吻合。     

小黑麦群体冠层结构及产量构成差异分析

为了解不同类型小黑麦冠层结构及产量构成差异,以加工型品种东农8809、饲用型品种东农5305和粮饲兼用型品种东农96026为材料,采用随机区组设计,探讨了三种类型小黑麦主要生育阶段的平均叶倾角、天空散射辐射透过率、太阳直射辐射透过率、消光系数和叶面积指数的特点。结果表明,加工型品种东农8809的消光系数小,生育后期叶倾角过大,出现漏光现象,这种不合理的冠层结构造成太阳辐射的浪费,使籽粒产量形成受到限制;饲用型品种东农5303的平均叶倾角在营养生长阶段最大,孕穗期降低,营养生长阶段较合理的冠层结构成为其较高叶面积指数形成的基础;粮饲兼用型品种东农96026的平均叶倾角、天空散射辐射透过率和直接辐射透过率均小,消光系数大,冠层结构合理,对光的截获能力强,籽粒产量最高。