江西三种危害食用菌的绿色霉菌生物学特性研究

本文报道了江西三种危害食用菌的绿色霉菌的生物学特性。它们是:绿色木霉(Trichoderma Viride pers exFn)。产黄青霉(Penicillium Chrysoenum Thom)和构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulcms(Eidzm)Winter)。     

Combined effect of generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compounds andTrichoderma harzianum on the control of postharvest diseases of rambutan

Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides andGliocephalotrichum microchlamydosporum are the causal fungi of the rambutan postharvest diseases stem-end rot, anthracnose and brown spot, respectively. Two different treatments of rambutan fruits(Nephelium lappaceum) against the three pathogens were compared: potassium metabisulphite (250 ppm) or cinnamaldehyde (30 ppm), each combined withTrichoderma harzianum (TrH 40). The application of TrH 40 and potassium metabisulphite effectively controlled the incidence and severity of the three postharvest diseases and maintained the overall quality and color of the fruit under low temperature storage at 13.5°C and 95% r.h. for 18 days. The greatest effect of this treatment was shown onG. microchlamydosporum. Cinnamaldehyde affected the growth and germination of TrH 40, whereas potassium metabisulphite did not. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 4, 2001.     

营养元素对木霉菌防治甜瓜枯萎病效果的影响

为明确各种营养元素在木霉菌防治甜瓜枯萎病生防体系中的作用,研究了9种营养元素铜、锌、铁、硼、钼、钙、锰、镁及钾对甜瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长、木霉菌T23菌丝生长及产孢量、甜瓜种子萌发及根系生长的影响.结果表明:10～1000μg/mL的硫酸铜、硫酸锌、硫酸亚铁及硼酸对镰孢菌菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,而对木霉菌的抑制作用远小于镰孢菌.适量加入钼酸铵、硫酸亚铁、硫酸钙及磷酸二氢钾有利于木霉菌菌丝生长及孢子形成,对甜瓜种子萌发及胚根生长也有较强的刺激作用.木霉菌结合钼酸铵、硫酸锰和硫酸钙处理土壤能显著降低甜瓜枯萎病的病情指数,相对防效分别为73.95%、73.77%和71.36%.     

Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma harzianum

The biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum, from both marine and terrestrial environments, has attracted considerable attention. T. harzianum has a tremendous potential to produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs), which are an important source of new herbicides and antibiotics. This review prioritizes the SMs of T. harzianum from 1988 to June 2022, and their relevant biological activities. Marine-derived SMs, especially terpenoids, polyketides, and macrolides compounds, occupy a significant proportion of natural products from T. harzianum, deserving more of our attention.     

两株木霉共培养发酵提高对小麦苗期茎基腐病的防治效果

 通过平板对峙培养法、孢子萌发法和温室盆栽法筛选高效防治小麦苗期茎基腐病的木霉共培养菌株。从17株供试菌株中,筛选出3株平板抑制率较高的木霉菌株:深绿木霉HB20111、哈茨木霉LTR-2和TW21990,并进行两两组合共培养发酵。孢子萌发试验表明,HB20111+TW21990共培养发酵滤液对假禾谷镰孢孢子萌发抑制率最高,达71.83%,较单菌株HB20111和TW21990分别提高了6.13%和19.53%(P＜0.05)。温室条件下,HB20111+TW21990共培养发酵液500×稀释浸种效果最好,对小麦苗期茎基腐病防治效果和幼苗质量增长率分别达78.81%和130.80%,较单菌株HB20111和TW21990的分别提高了17.88%、30.46%和50.05%、61.22%(P＜0.05);荧光定量检测结果表明,与单菌株相比,HB20111+TW21990共培养发酵显著降低假禾谷镰孢在小麦幼苗根围土、根际土、根系和茎基部中的拷贝数(P＜0.05),且假禾谷镰孢拷贝数与病情指数呈正相关,与幼苗鲜质量呈负相关。本研究发现HB20111+TW21990共培养发酵具有增效作用,对小麦苗期茎基腐病的防治效果显著高于单菌株。     

哈茨木霉菌与5种杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的协同作用

采用对峙法、菌丝生长速率法和离体叶片法分别测定了哈茨木霉菌Trichoderma harzianum与5种不同作用机制杀菌剂联用对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的抑制作用。结果表明,联用可增强哈茨木霉菌及啶酰菌胺、嘧菌酯、咯菌腈、氟啶胺和啶菌噁唑5种供试药剂对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制作用,即具有协同作用,因此可考虑将杀菌剂与木霉菌联合用于番茄灰霉病的防治。     

木霉不同施用方式对黄瓜膜脂过氧化作用、保护性酶活性及枯萎病防效的影响

采用3株对黄瓜枯萎病菌有较好拮抗作用的木霉,棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886,研究木霉不同施用方式对黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化作用、保护性酶活性及防治枯萎病效果的影响。结果显示,所有木霉处理均能够提高黄瓜幼苗的株高和茎粗,增加幼苗地上部和地下部鲜重,对黄瓜枯萎病的防效均达到64%以上。播种后8~14 d,各处理的黄瓜幼苗叶片质膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量不同程度下降,保护性酶活性不同程度的提高,其中以先接种拟康氏木霉886,2 d后接种病原菌的T886-F处理的提高程度最显著。播种后14 d,该处理的叶片质膜透性和MDA含量比只接种病原菌的F处理分别下降了37.02%和14.80%,同时,叶片的SOD、POD、CAT、PPO活性分别比F增加了46.82%、34.93%、18.75%和11.63%。以上结果说明,本研究的3株木霉均能通过改善黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化能力,增加保护酶活性,促进幼苗生长,防治黄瓜枯萎病。在实际应用中,提前施入木霉菌剂,有利于促进黄瓜的生长、提高幼苗抗病性、提高病害防治效果。本研究结果为木霉菌剂的高效使用、保障黄瓜安全生产提供指导。     

通过染色体整合β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因glu14提高绿色木霉对小麦纹枯病的防治效果

 绿色木霉LTR-2是生物防治菌株。利用来自巨大芽胞杆菌Ap25的β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因glu14构建木霉表达载体pSilent/glu14,利用限制性内切酶介导法(REMI)转化绿色木霉LTR-2。PCR扩增及Southern杂交证实目的基因已插入木霉转化子的染色体DNA上。转化子的β-1,4-葡聚糖酶水解活性,对小麦纹枯病菌的平板抑制作用及温室防治效果较原始菌株LTR-2明显提高(P<0.01),其中转化子L-10的效果最好,平板抑制率比LTR-2提高了27.0%,温室防治效果比LTR-2提高了26.7%。本试验表明,利用REMI技术,将β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因重组到木霉染色体DNA上,是获得高效木霉工程菌株的有效手段。