Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

采收时间对蜡蚧轮枝菌分生孢子的萌发及致病力的影响

将蜡蚧轮枝菌Vp菌株在PDA培养基上23℃黑暗培养,分别于第5、15、20、25、30天后采收。将不同时间采收的分生孢子置于2％葡萄糖培养液内培养,16 h后检测其萌发率,结果表明,采收于第5天和第15天的分生孢子萌发率分别达到89.76％和94.98％,显著高于采收于第25天(30.27％)和第30天(6.12％)的孢子的萌发率;在PDA培养基培养5 d和15 d的分生孢子在相同浓度下对温室白粉虱的致病力分别达到83.40％和74.44％,显著高于培养了30 d的分生孢子的致病力(8.76％)。     

氟吡呋喃酮与8种杀虫剂复配对温室白粉虱的联合毒力

为了筛选出对温室白粉虱高效的农药复配组合,本试验选择9种杀虫单剂对田间采集的温室白粉虱进行了毒力测定,并利用共毒因子和共毒系数对氟吡呋喃酮与8种杀虫剂复配组合的联合毒力进行评价,同时对筛选出的药剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明：杀虫单剂毒力测定中,LC₅₀最低的为鱼藤酮,最高的为螺虫乙酯,48 h LC₅₀分别为0.43μg/mL和78.59μg/mL;毒力大小顺序为鱼藤酮>氟啶虫胺腈>除虫菊素>苦参·印楝素>d-柠檬烯>氟吡呋喃酮>啶虫脒>高效氯氰菊酯>螺虫乙酯。共毒系数大于120的复配组合为氟吡呋喃酮与d-柠檬烯5∶1、氟吡呋喃酮与苦参·印楝素1∶2和1∶5,共毒系数分别为268.31、247.80和241.46,LC₅₀分别为5.76、4.51μg/mL和4.34μg/mL。氟吡呋喃酮与d-柠檬烯5∶1复配增效作用明显,为最佳配比。田间药效试验表明,10 d后,17%氟吡呋喃酮可溶液剂与1%苦参·印楝素乳油、5%d-柠檬烯可溶液剂复配对温室白粉虱的防效达到83.5%～83...     

B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱分别为害烟草后对烟草生长特性的影响

为比较B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱分别取食烟草后对烟草生长特性的影响,明确2种粉虱取食诱导的烟草防御反应的差异和时间效应,探讨B型烟粉虱诱导的烟草防御反应在竞争取代温室白粉虱中的作用,采用直尺测量和烘箱烘干称重的方法,研究比较B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱分别取食烟草不同时间后对烟草自身生长指标影响的差异。结果表明:在诱导寄主防御的虫口密度下,B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱分别取食烟草不同时间后对烟草自身生长的影响存在显著差异,且具有时间效应。与对照烟草相比,B型烟粉虱取食烟草5天后对烟草生长没有明显的不利影响,但从取食10天开始出现显著不利影响,随着取食时间的延长对烟草的不利影响逐渐增加。烟粉虱取食15、20天后烟草株高分别降低了6.9、8.5 cm,平均节间距分别缩短了0.6、0.53 cm,叶片数量分别减少了2.1、2.6叶/株,系统叶叶面积明显增大,叶片变薄,单位面积干重分别降低了0.99、1.01 mg/cm2。温室白粉虱取食烟草不同时间后对烟草生长没有明显的不利影响。与温室白粉虱为害烟草后相比,B型烟粉虱为害烟草后产生了对烟草的特异性抑制反应,这可能与B型烟粉虱诱导烟草表达的特异性防御反应对自身资源的消耗有关。     

喷施非嗜食植物汁液对温室白粉虱的影响

温室白粉虱取食广泛,寄主繁多,但它也有非嗜食植物。非嗜食植物对温室白粉虱可能有很好的控制作用。研究了4种植物的汁液对温室白粉虱的影响,结果表明,供试植物的汁液对温室白粉虱都有很好的控制作用,使温室白粉虱落卵量减少65%以上。非嗜食植物次生物质在温室白粉虱的控制中会有良好的前景。     

25％噻虫胺＆#183;高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂防治温室白粉虱的田间药效试验

为了明确25％噻虫胺＆#183;高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂对温室白粉虱的防治效果,2013年以常用药剂25％噻虫嗪水分散粒剂和5％高效氯氟氰菊酯微乳剂为药剂对照,在夏春秋甘蓝上测定了25％噻虫胺＆#183;高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂2500倍液、2000倍液和1500倍液对温室白粉虱的田间防治效果。结果表明：在试验剂量条件下,25％噻虫胺＆#183;高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂对温室白粉虱具有较好的防治效果,且持效期长,对温室白粉虱的天敌种类和数量以及甘蓝生长等均无不良影响。其中,施用1500倍液防效最好,试验期内的防效始终＞药剂对照,施药后第7 d防效为86.97％;施用2000倍液防效次之,除施药后第1 d外,其他时段的防效均＞药剂对照且与施用1500倍液防效差异不显著。生产上推荐25％噻虫胺＆#183;高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂施用浓度为2000～1500倍液,折合有效成分用量为93.75～112.5 g/hm2。     

浆角蚜小蜂防治温室白粉虱的应用研究

温室白粉虱是温室蔬菜的重要害虫,不仅由于取食造成这些植物的直接危害,而且还传播一些植物病毒病的病原.近年来,农民在温室中大量使用化学药剂来防治温室白粉虱,结果造成农药残留严重超标.本文采用生物防治的方法,对浆角蚜小蜂防治白粉虱的效果进行了研究与探讨.     

New developments in insecticide resistance in the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in the UK

A recent survey of insecticide resistance in two of the most problematic pests in UK glasshouses revealed some new developments. At least some individuals in all UK samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum that were tested resisted the insect growth regulator (IGR) buprofezin. The most strongly resistant strains were unaffected by the field application rate of this compound, and even samples from populations that had never been exposed to buprofezin contained individuals that survived the highest concentration applied (10,000 mg litre-1). The field rate of buprofezin was shown to select for resistance through vapour action alone. The benzophenylurea teflubenzuron, an unrelated IGR, was cross-resisted by buprofezin-resistant individuals. There was no evidence of resistance to imidacloprid, but all T vaporariorum strains tested, regardless of origin, exhibited a high innate tolerance to nicotine, when compared with another whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci. Marked resistance to fenbutatin oxide and tebufenpyrad was found in single glasshouse populations of Tetranychus urticae, but these compounds and abamectin appeared to remain highly effective against all other strains collected.     

Report of resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Susceptibilities of UK and mainland European samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid were investigated over a 7 year period. All 24 strains collected between 1997 and 2003 showed similar baseline levels of susceptibility to that of a known susceptible laboratory strain when exposed to a diagnostic concentration (128 mg L(-1)) of formulated imidacloprid. Two samples collected during 2004, one from the UK and one from The Netherlands, demonstrated reduced susceptibility at this concentration. Using dose-response assays, the presence of resistant individuals was disclosed in both these strains; some individuals were unaffected at doses high enough to induce phytotoxic effects. This report represents the first confirmed cases of neonicotinoid resistance inducing control failures in T. vaporariorum, and highlights a need for careful vigilance to sustain the effectiveness of imidacloprid and related neonicotinoid insecticides.     

Effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and carboxylesterase activity in Bemisia tabaci biotype B and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), have become serious pests of cotton and vegetable crops in China since the early 1990s. In recent years, however, B. tabaci have broken out more frequently and widely than have T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci biotype B has also developed higher resistance to several insecticides. Here, the effects of four different host plants on the insecticide susceptibility of B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum have been compared. The LC(50) values of imidacloprid, abamectin, deltamethrin and omethoate in T. vaporariorum reared on cucumber were significantly higher than those in B. tabaci (the LC(50) values in T. vaporariorum were respectively 3.13, 2.63, 2.78 and 6.67 times higher than those in B. tabaci). On the other hand, the B. tabaci population reared on cotton was more tolerant to all four insecticides tested than the T. vaporariorum population from the same host, especially to abamectin (up to 8.4-fold). The effects of the four host plants on the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE) in B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum were also compared. The results showed that, although the CarE activity of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum varied depending on the host plants, the B. tabaci population possessed significantly higher CarE activity than the T. vaporariorum population reared on the same host plant. This was especially so on cucumber and cotton, where the CarE activities of the B. tabaci population were over 1.6 times higher than those of T. varporariorum. The frequency profiles for this activity in B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum populations reared on same host plant were apparently different.