内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿土壤氮素丰缺指标和推荐施氮量

为了给内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）测土施氮奠定科学基础，本研究采用“零散实验数据整合法”和“养分平衡-地力差减法”新应用公式，开展了该自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤氮素丰缺指标和推荐施氮量研究。结果表明：内蒙古高原生长第1年紫花苜蓿土壤碱解氮第1~6级丰缺指标为≥48，20~48，8~20，4~8，2~4和<2 mg·kg^-1，土壤全氮第1~5级丰缺指标为≥1.4，0.8~1.4，0.4~0.8，0.2~0.4和<0.2 g·kg^-1，土壤有机质第1~6级丰缺指标为≥17，10~17，6~10，3~6，2~3和<2 g·kg^-1。当紫花苜蓿目标产量9~18 t·hm^-2、氮肥利用率40%时，内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿第1~6级土壤推荐施氮量分别为0，68~135，135~270，203~405，270~540和338~675 kg·hm^-2。     

冷地早熟禾总非结构碳水化合物的季节动态

采用酸提法和水提法两种不同的提取方法对冷地早熟禾的总非结构碳水化合物(TNC)的季节动态进行了研究,同时进行了强度刈割试验以观测TNC与再生的关系。结果显示:冷地早熟禾的TNC季节变化呈宽“U”型,两种提取方法的TNC在返青后都有一个明显的下降过程,酸提TNC在开花期为最低点,水提TNC则是在抽茎期。抽穗期刈割对植株体的再生高度和分蘖数影响最大,而TNC和再生之间并未显示出显著的正相关关系。     

改良热硼酸法高效提取苹果果实RNA

苹果果实、尤其是成熟期的果实中多糖和其他次生物质含量高,难以提取RNA。对此,在原热硼酸法的基础上进行了改进,通过添加提取辅助剂并根据辅助剂特性调整提取步骤,高效、稳定地从苹果果实、尤其是后期果实中提取到了高质量的RNA。所得RNA的A260/A230大于2.0,A260/A280为1.8-2.1,并且RNA产量高,其中前期果实RNA产率在13.40μg/g以上,后期果实RNA产率在7.02μg/g以上,完全可以满足RT-PCR、cDNA-AFLP等分子生物学实验的要求。     

从甜瓜子叶中提取总DNA

用分子标记方法检测甜瓜杂交种子纯度,如果从真叶中提取DNA,检测周期至少需要15d。为了缩短检测周期,我们分别以甜瓜的成熟干种子、吸胀水后“露白”种子、3d龄刚转绿子叶、6d龄子叶、9d龄子叶和12d龄子叶为材料,进行了提取总DNA的研究。结果表明:除了干种子和吸胀水后“露白”种子外,其他的材料都可以提取到DNA,但是DNA的质量因子叶日龄不同而存在很大的差异。不同日龄的子叶中,以3d龄子叶提取的DNA质量好。子叶6d龄时,提取的DNA质量次于3d龄,少量DNA开始出现降解,以后随着子叶日龄的增加,DNA降解加重。另外,与以真叶为材料提取的DNA样品相比较,子叶DNA样品中的蛋白质等杂质含量高,应增加氯仿抽提纯化次数。     

基于紫花苜蓿混播草地的全草型肉羊放牧育肥模式案例研究

本研究旨在探讨紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）混播草地放牧利用的生产潜力和集成全草型集约化肉羊放牧育肥技术模式。2017-2018年，在位于河北省廊坊市的中国农业科学院国际农业高新技术产业园内开展了2年羔羊育肥的划区轮牧试验，研究了紫花苜蓿混播草地的地上生物量、育肥羊增重以及羊肉品质的变化规律。结果表明：混播草地地上生物量超过11.2 tDM·hm^-2，5月份紫花苜蓿混播草地的粗蛋白为20.92%，每公顷紫花苜蓿混播草地可满足51只育肥羊、放牧育肥150天，每只增重30 kg所需的干物质、代谢能和粗蛋白三个方面的全部需求。与此同时，紫花苜蓿混播草地还可以显著增加羊肉中欧米伽3型多不饱和脂肪酸的含量，n-6/n-3比例为2.72，羊肉健康品质显著提高。以紫花苜蓿混播草地为基础的全草型肉羊放牧育肥技术具有广阔的应用前景，对我国苜蓿产业以及草地畜牧业发展具有重要意义。     

Effect of the particle size on the ammonia removal rate and the bacterial community composition of bioflocs

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal efficiency and bacterial community composition of bioflocs with <50-μm particle size, > 50-μm particle size and un-sieved bioflocs were investigated in the current study. The initial ratio of dissolved organic carbon to TAN (DOC/TAN) in the three groups were about 14:1. No significant difference was found in the removal rate of TAN, average concentrations of TAN and nitrite nitrogen among the three groups (P > 0.05). The C/N (w/w) ratio of the > 50-μm bioflocs was significantly higher than those of the other groups. No significant differences were found in the crude protein content in the bioflocs among the three groups. The development of the bacterial community compositions of the bioflocs was analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing analyses. Most OTUs were shared among the three groups at all the sampled time points. With the increase in the relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes, that of phylum Proteobacteria, Chorolexi, and Bacteroidetes decreased in all the three groups. The phylum Firmicutes and genus Bacillus were predominant in all the sampled time points. At the end of the experiment, genus Bacillus accounted for 81% in the < 50-μm group, 82% in the > 50-μm group, and 75% in the un-sieved group.     

Sugar beet rotation effects on soil organic matter and calculated humus balance in Central Germany

In order to quantify the influence of land use systems on the level of soil organic matter (SOM) to develop recommendations, long-term field studies are essential. Based on a crop rotation experiment which commenced in 1970, this paper investigated the impact of crop rotations involving increased proportions of sugar beet on SOM content. To this end, soil samples were taken in 2010 and 2012 from the following crop rotation sequences: sugar beet–sugar beet–winter wheat–winter wheat (SB–SB–WW–WW = 50%), sugar beet–sugar beet–sugar beet–winter wheat (SB–SB–SB–WW = 75%), sugar beet–grain maize (SB–GM = 50%) and sugar beet-monoculture (SB = 100%); these were analysed in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content, MBC/TOC ratio and the TOC stocks per hectare. In addition, humus balances were created (using the software REPRO, reference period 12 years) in order to calculate how well the soil was supplied with organic matter. In the field experiment, harvest by-products (WW and GM straw as well as SB leaves) were removed. After 41 years, no statistically significant differences were measured between the crop rotations for the parameters TOC, MBC, MBC/TOC ratio and the TOC stock per hectare. However, the calculated humus balance was significantly affected by the crop rotation. The calculated humus balance became increasingly negative in the order SB–SB–WW–WW, SB–SB–SB–WW, SB monoculture and SB–GM, and correlated with the soil parameters. The calculated humus balances for the reference period did not reflect the actual demand for organic matter by the crop rotations, but instead overestimated it.     

滇中本地和外来植物群落对紫色土理化性质的影响

在同一"气候-母质"条件下,本文研究了滇中飒马场流域4种处于不同演替阶段的本地植被群落和1种外来植被群落对酸性紫色土理化性质的影响。结果表明:随着灌草丛、云南松、针阔混交林到次生常绿阔叶林的本地植物群落演替过程,土壤的容重、pH、水溶性盐阳离子含量明显降低,而土壤粘粒、水解性酸、活性铝、有机碳、全氮含量显著增加,同时表层土壤有机碳和全氮占其剖面总含量的比例有降低的趋势。次生常绿阔叶林土壤0~150 cm土层的有机碳、全氮贮存量比灌草丛土壤的分别高出35 Mg hm-2和1.2 Mg hm-2,而其pH则比灌草丛土壤的低0.33。这反映出酸性紫色土的富铝化过程、生物富集过程和粘化过程随着植被演进而加强。桉树林土壤有机碳、全氮贮量和pH分别为93.04 mg hm-2、2.45 mg hm-2和4.49,与针阔混交林土壤的有机碳、全氮贮量和pH没有显著差异,但是其水解性酸度和活性铝含量均显著高于针阔混交林土壤的,表明长期种植桉树有加速土壤酸化的可能。     

添加无机养分对高温堆肥化的影响

为了探讨堆肥过程中添加无机成分制作有机无机复合肥的可行性,利用有效容积为100 L的堆肥反应器,以鸡粪为主要堆肥原料,研究了添加化肥(尿素、过磷酸钙、硫酸钾)对堆肥过程主要指标的影响。结果表明,添加了无机成分的处理温度升高较快,高温期持续时间长,堆体温度下降较慢,含水量明显高于对照,堆肥结束时的含氮量为17.21 g kg-1,比对照高出1.66 g kg-1;有效磷的含量随时间而增加,由0.48 g kg-1升高到2.19 g kg-1;总的活菌数量与对照相比差异显著。根据有机肥国家标准NY525-2002的规定以及堆肥的各项指标测定结果得出,化学肥料的添加不影响堆肥质量,并且能显著提高堆肥的总养分,但是对堆肥内源微生物活性存在一定影响。     

沼液施用对土壤与植物中磷分布的影响

以余杭青菜地潮土、红壤为例,选取未施加沼液、正常施加沼液以及加倍施加的土壤剖面各3条,研究沼液施加对土壤和植物磷(P)分布的影响,为畜禽废弃物资源化利用和瓜果合理施肥提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)沼液施加能够提高表层土壤的总P含量,而对深层土壤的总P含量影响不大;(2)沼液施加后,土壤中的Fe-P含量会有显著增加;(3)青菜茎和叶中的总P含量随沼液施加量的增加而增加,其中叶增加的趋势最明显。