关联度分析在农业生态系统技术调控上的应用

农业生态系统是个“灰箱”.我们运用模糊数学的关联度分析,尝试对这类灰色系统的投入进行技术调控,并取得了良好的效果.通过对农田子系统投入的化肥(尤其是N化肥)、粪肥和还田秸秆进行技术调控的实例证明;它可以作为能、物流分析的辅助手段,互相取长补短.通过关联序分析和关联系数分析,来调整系统的投入结构和投入技艺(时、空、量级及方式的选择).本文提出了应用关联度分析的基本程序和要领以及“贡献曲线”、“潜力曲线”等概念.     

我国食用菌出口遭遇贸易壁垒的原因、类型及对策

贸易壁垒正在成为我国农产品出口的瓶颈。本文分析了我国食用菌产品出口遭遇的贸易壁垒类型及其原因，并提出了相关建议。     

Inclusion levels and modes of whole grain incorporation into wheat-based rations differentially influence the performance of broiler chickens

1. The objective was to compare three whole grain (WG) inclusion levels (7.5, 15 and 30%) offered to broiler chickens by three modes of WG incorporation: (i) pre-pellet WG inclusion, (ii) post-pellet WG inclusion as a blend of WG and pelleted concentrate and (iii) post-pellet WG inclusion where WG and pelleted concentrate were provided in separate feed trays against a ground-grain, wheat-based control diet.

2. Ten dietary treatments were offered to 6 replicate cages (6 birds per cage) of male Ross 308 chickens from 7 to 28 d post-hatch. The effects of treatment on relative gizzard weights, gizzard contents, pancreatic weights and pH of gizzard digesta were monitored. Parameters of growth performance, nutrient utilisation (apparent metabolisable energy [AME], metabolisable to gross energy [ME:GE] ratios, nitrogen [N] retention and N-corrected AME [AMEn]), apparent starch and protein (N) digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates in for small intestinal segments and concentrations of free amino acids in plasma taken from the anterior mesenteric vein were determined.

3. Whole grain feeding (WGF) did not influence weight gain, but 30% post-pellet blended and 15 and 30% post-pellet separated treatments significantly depressed (P < 0.05) feed intakes while the 30% post-pellet separated treatment improved (P < 0.01) feed conversion ratios (FCR). WGF regimes significantly increased relative gizzard weights.

4. Overall, WGF generated profound responses in AME, ME:GE ratios, N retention and AMEn that were highly correlated with relative gizzard weights. In general, WGF improved starch and protein (N) digestibilities and again there were some correlations with these outcomes and relative gizzard weights.

5. Post-pellet WG inclusions where WG and pelleted concentrate were offered separately provided chickens with the opportunity to choice feed. Birds showed a preference for the relatively high-protein pelleted concentrate and at 30% WG, this resulted in an improvement in FCR of 7.69% (1.260 versus 1.365; P < 0.001) relative to the ground-grain control diet.     

系统选择在小麦育种中的应用与启示

从育种角度出发,分析了从20世纪60年代以来系统选择在育种中的应用,并通过举例说明其在小麦育种中的极大贡献,进一步从理论角度论证该方法在小麦育种中的利用价值,为小麦育种工作提供借鉴和参考.     

草地贪夜蛾对小麦的为害风险:取食为害性及解毒酶活性变化初探

为了探究草地贪夜蛾对小麦的为害风险,我们以取食玉米作为对照,开展研究取食小麦对草地贪夜蛾的存活率、取食选择性、生长量和3种解毒酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶的影响。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫在小麦上的存活率与玉米并无显著差异,高达90%以上。用小麦连续饲喂3龄幼虫7 d,日均体重增加迅速,与取食玉米无显著差异(P0.05)。2龄幼虫取食选择率为小麦玉米,3龄和4龄幼虫的取食选择率为玉米小麦,但均无显著差异。值得注意的是,小麦饲喂48 h后草地贪夜蛾谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性和多功能氧化酶含量表现为显著诱导上升,而羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性无显著变化。本试验结果初步表明草地贪夜蛾存在为害小麦的风险,应加强草地贪夜蛾在麦田发生情况的监测,同时应重视草地贪夜蛾取食不同寄主对药剂敏感性机制的研究。     

论河南省公路绿化植物选择

河南省境内交通发达、公路纵横,其公路绿化得天独厚、大有可为。河南省公路绿化植物的选择,应遵循交通安全、生态优先、因地制宜、多重效益兼顾、生物多样性几项原则,并且依中央隔离绿化带、快慢道隔离绿化带、路肩绿化带、边坡绿化带、边沟绿化带、主绿化带这些不同地段的立地条件和绿化要求,来选择相应的植物种类。     

杂交水稻高产栽培精确施氮技术参数的确定及验证研究

[目的]确定并验证杂交水稻高产栽培精确施氮技术的3个重要参数。[方法]以黔优18、茂优601等品种为试材,在贵州省小河、乌当和兴义进行试验示范,求取了杂交籼稻精确定氮高产栽培中的3个重要参数,并对其进行了论证示范。[结果]3个参数分别为：①100kg稻谷吸氮量：1.85kg（迟熟籼稻）、1.82kg（早熟籼稻）;②土壤空白供氮量在95.92～133.41kg/hm2;③氮肥当季利用率：当基蘖肥与穗肥比例为5∶5时,得出获取高产的氮肥当季利用率为45.18%（迟熟籼稻）、44.72%（早熟籼稻）。根据获得的3个参数分别在当地进行示范,均获1.2t/hm2以上产量。[结论]为指导贵州省不同稻区的科学施肥提供了理论依据。     

自觉选择的命运——麦克白形象新析

文章分析了莎士比亚名剧《麦克白》中的英雄麦克白堕落的原因,认为决定性原因在于麦克白自身,在于他未能抵制野心和权欲的诱惑,而其夫人的蛊惑和女巫的预言等仅仅是起催化作用的外因。文章指出麦克白最终的结局是他自己自觉选择的命运。     

基于随机前沿函数的中国奶业生产效率研究

文章基于2004~2012年我国25个奶业产区的投入产出面板数据,采用随机前沿分析方法对奶业技术效率进行分析,并测算奶业科技贡献份额。研究结果表明:奶业的技术效率逐年增加,年均增长率为1.23%,地区间技术效率差异明显;科技进步对奶业产值增长的贡献份额为50.53%,奶业单位产值的增加主要取决于科技进步和饲料投入。     

农村防洪工程堤线布置与堤型选择

以某农村防洪工程为例,根据流域规划、工程现状、地形条件等因素,按照防洪标准,确定堤线布置形式。提出堤型方案,通过技术经济比较,确定合理堤型,即采用梯形断面均质土堤。