Evaluation of bioremediation and detoxification potentiality of Aspergillus niger for removal of hexavalent chromium in soil microcosm

Aspergillus niger isolated from soil of leather tanning effluent had higher activity to remove chromium then the other fungal isolates. The potency of A. niger was evaluated in shake flask culture by absorption of chromium at pH 6, temperature 30 °C. The toxicity of chromium evaluated in petriplates and soil microcosm seed bioassay test had indicated increase in toxicity with the higher concentration of chromate. A. niger introduced in soil microcosm (40% moisture content) with different concentration of chromate (250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) removed more than 70% chromium in soil contaminated by 250 and 500 ppm of chromate. However, chromium-contaminated soil (2000 ppm of potassium chromate) mixed with compost (5% and 10%) significantly removed chromium in presence of fungus, A. niger. The results of chromate toxicity in the wheat plants revealed that the peroxidases was induced due to increase of metal stress which was reversed in soil microcosm amended with compost.     

铬鞣皮渣脱铬及其在肉鸡饲养中的应用

本研究采用了物理、化学方法对铬鞣皮渣进行不同处理,根据脱铬效果、蛋白回收率及工艺流程的实用性筛选出最理想脱铬方法。然后,用脱铬皮渣溶解滤液和骨粉以1:2(脱铬皮渣:骨粉;干物质计)制成含蛋白42.6％的脱铬皮渣骨粉,饲喂罗曼肉鸡。通过饲养、代谢试验研究了铬鞣皮渣和脱铬皮渣骨粉的营养与经济价值。结果表明:用5％Ca(OH)_2对铬鞣皮渣进行30分钟煮沸处理是理想脱铬方法,脱铬率达99.99％,蛋白回收率达74.95％。脱铬皮渣骨粉可代替肉鸡饲粮中的全部鱼粉(6％),以代替鱼粉量的60％效果最好,此时饲料成本低,鸡增重快,经济效益也高。铬鞣皮渣不经脱铬处理直接饲喂肉鸡,其在饲粮中含量为3％(饲粮此时铬含量为230.81ppm)时,即影响鸡的生长发育,不仅增重慢,且有5.1％的鸡出现铬中毒,随着饲粮中铬鞣皮渣的增多,鸡所受危害加大。     

浙江省海宁市制革企业镉污染对生态环境的影响

通过对浙江省海宁市土壤及作物镉的生态特征和当地制革企业分布情况的对比,发现海宁市土壤镉污染的程度和分布特征与对应的制革企业的地理位置十分吻合,认为海宁市土壤镉异常与人类活动有着密切的关系,并参照不同的国家标准对海宁市的生态环境进行了评价。结果表明,虽然异常区内土壤和作物中的镉目前仍属安全,但是相比非异常区说明异常区内土壤确实受到了较大的影响。     

制革场地土壤和地下水中铬污染来源及污染特征研究进展

近年来,制革场地土壤和地下水中的铬污染引起了国内外广泛关注。通过分析制革工艺流程、废水和固废的性质及其处置的历史与现状,提出制革场地的铬污染源自含铬浴液和废水的滴漏以及固废和污泥的不当堆置与填埋。制革场地土壤铬污染以三价铬为主,六价铬含量相对较低,但部分仍远超国家标准限值。污染主要集中于生产车间、污泥存放点和废水排放点,场地表层土壤全铬远高于深层土,且污染时间短的场地土壤中有效态铬（交换态铬和水溶态铬）含量较高;而地下水中的总铬和六价铬,受土壤铬分布、污染时间、水文地质等多种因素影响。针对制革场地伴有酸碱和有机物污染的特点,进一步论述了有机物和土壤pH对铬在土壤中环境效应（迁移、形态转化和氧化）的影响,指出应重点关注有效态铬和六价铬的含量和形成机制。最后讨论了制革场地铬的环境风险防控主要面临的挑战和对策。