应用TDR对土壤含水率及土壤冻结融解深的计测

运用 TDR(Time Domain Reflectometry)计测土壤含水量 ,80年代以来就受到了瞩目 ,到今天为止TDR方法在土壤盐分浓度 ,浸润面深度 ,冻结融解面深度等许多领域得到广泛应用。为了确认在运用 TDR方法进行土壤含水率测定时介电常数 ε与含水率 θ之间的关系曲线的滞后现象的有无 ,以及确认运用 TDR方法计测土壤冻结融解面深度的有效性 ,进行了一系列的实验。实验证明 ,在运用 TDR方法进行土壤含水率测定时介电常数ε与含水率θ之间的标定曲线中没有出现滞后现象 ,运用 TDR方法计测土壤冻结融解面深度不论在室内实验还是在田间实验中都很有效 ,并取得了较高的精度。     

小麦实时控制灌溉的土壤水分含量探头合理埋设深度研究

利用室内控制试验研究了根据不同深度土壤水分传感器灌溉处理对冬小麦生物学性状及水分利用率等的影响。结果显示,以10 cm探头控制灌溉最为省水,同时冬小麦生物学性状及水分利用率等最佳。由于试验冬小麦处于生育前期,随着小麦生育期延伸,当根系超过30 cm深度时,根系吸水的深度增加,探头的埋设深度需要田间试验进行更详细的研究。     

RESPONSES OF WHEAT PLANTS IN TERMS OF SOIL WATER CONTENT,BULK DENSITY,SALINITY, AND ROOT GROWTH UNDER DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEMS AND VARIOUS IRRIGATION FREQUENCIES

The effects of irrigation water rates and seed bed shapes on changes in soil water and salinity status, bulk density, root growth and dry matter (DM) weights of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated with a split plot design in a field trial in Zahak Agricultural Research Station in Sistan, Iran in 2005. Irrigation intervals after 80 and 160 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan were used as main plot. Flat surface, single, triple, and six-row beds with a 20 cm row space were used as subplots. Each treatment was replicated four times. Volumetric soil water content and soil electrical conductivity (EC) were measured using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) at 0 —20, 20 —40 and 40 —60 cm depths at nine different times during the growing season. Soil water contents were also measured at 0 —10 and 10 —20 cm depths using standard sampling rings at four different times. The three and six-row beds increased the EC of the saturated paste extract with the more frequent irrigation intervals in this coarse textured soil. Soil water content, DM, and root density were always greater with the more frequent irrigations (shorter irrigation intervals). Root density was greatest in 0 —20 cm depth with the single row bed treatment. Grain yield and root density were greatest with single row bed treatment due to the bed shape at the root development stage (possibly due to a reduced mechanical resistance). A greater soil water content by the short irrigation interval increased grain yield and root density via reducing mechanical resistance. With the loamy sand, bulk density and mechanical resistance increased rapidly after cultivation. Bed shape at root development stage might have enhanced root growth and the crop yields. Apparently, mechanical resistance was the most limiting factor with these loamy sand soils than salinity.     

东北黑土区TDR测定农田土壤含水量的室内标定

土壤水分标定是利用TDR监测农田土壤水分过程中的必要环节.以东北黑土区农田土壤剖面深度上的4种典型介质（黑土层、母质层、过渡层、砂砾层）为试验对象,利用“由湿到干”的土柱试验方法,用烘干法对TDR进行室内标定研究.结果表明：1）TDR内置土壤标定曲线测定的含水量明显低于烘干法测量的含水量.在TDR法土壤含水量标定时,指数关系比线性关系具有更高的标定精度.2）单一介质的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线对自身介质的标定精度高（最大绝对误差3.2％）.3）混合介质的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线的标定精度较高（最大绝对误差6.6％）,可用于不同介质TDR法土壤含水量标定.本研究结果可用于研究区及类似区域修订TDR法含水量测定结果.     

TDR测定淡栗钙土水分的标定

本实验以荒漠草原2个不同种类的土壤为研究材料,使用TRIME - IPH型TDR测定不同放牧强下的土壤含水量,并以烘干法测定值为真实值对其进行了标定.结果表明:室内标标定中的TRIME - IPH测值与烘干法测值都具有良好的相关性,沙土中的相关系数(R2=0.983 9)略低于壤土(R2=0.986 0),而平均相对偏差(16.4％)大干壤土(12.3％).校正方程为TDR校正值=0.998 0烘干法测定值+2.3900.在野外标定中,不同放牧强度下TRIME - IPH测值与烘干法测值的相关性也很好,总体校正的相关系数为0.774 3.本研究结果证实,TRIME - IPH完全能够胜任该地区土壤水分动态特征及变化趋势的研究工作.     

TRIME-T3管式TDR在测量土壤水分时的误差及校正

TRIME-T3管式TDR (Time domain reflectometry)系统线路简单、能耗小、价格便宜、可实现非扰动定位瞬时剖面观测,广泛用于测量土壤水分.但是,在安装和使用过程中,受土壤空隙、温度、类型、电导率、含水量等因素的影响,测定土壤水分会产生误差.为提高土壤水分数据的准确性,系统总结国内外研究成果和笔者实际操作经验,提出了经验公式、室内校正、野外校正和其他校正等方法.     

ERT与TDR联合反演层状土壤水分运动过程

土壤水是地表水与地下水联系的纽带,是物质输送和运移的载体,在土壤-植物-大气（SPAC）系统中起着关键性的作用。土壤水分运动是一个非常复杂的过程,为充分了解水分在土壤中的运动过程,应用微扰动的高密度电阻率仪（ERT）监测了一层状结构的土壤剖面在注水入渗试验前、后不同时刻的电阻率的变化过程;同时,用时域反射仪（TDR）测量了点尺度上土壤体积含水量,建立了土壤电阻率和含水量的定量关系。结果表明,高密度电阻率法能够较为准确地监测土壤水分入渗深度和剖面含水量,土壤水分运动以向下的垂向运动为主并伴有微弱的水平流动;当土壤含水量低于0.15 cm³·cm^-3时,随着含水量的增大,电阻率变化较大;当土壤含水量较高时,电阻率随含水量的变化不明显;根据建立的电阻率和含水量的定量关系公式,估算出在土壤界面处当上层土壤质量含水量达到0.136 g·g^-1时水分开始向下层入渗,相关研究成果为定量分析土壤水在分层界面处的变化情况提供了一种新的方法。     

土壤含盐量对TDR含水率测试结果的影响及校正方法

利用多种TDR仪器测试不同盐分质量浓度条件下的含水率,与烘干法测得的结果进行比较,探讨了土壤盐分对各种TDR仪器的测量精度的影响。针对TDR100仪器,采用多种探头,分析不同长度、不同间距的探针对测试结果的影响。结果表明,所选5种仪器测试结果均受盐分影响,随盐分质量浓度的增加,测得的含水率值增大或是无法得出合理数值。TDR100所用探头,其探针越长、间距越宽受盐分影响越大。在含盐率较低的土体中,各仪器测试结果与烘干法测量结果变化趋势基本一致,可采用线性函数进行标定,R2均在0.94以上。试验结果可为野外试验的选点、测试和含水率校正提供参考。     

Apparent electrical conductivity integrated from layered soil profiles

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) trace analysis aims at extracting the water content profile along TDR probes. This can be done by applying a TDR forward solver inversely. Thus, TDR‐trace inversion is basically an optimization problem. As in any optimization procedure, it is worthwhile to include as much a priori information as possible about the problem to be solved. In this study, we discuss the feasibility to use the apparent electrical conductivity as constraint for the TDR inversion. The resistors‐in‐parallel circuit can be used to integrate a multislice soil model to obtain the apparent electrical conductivity. We apply additionally Archie's law to link the water content of a particular slice with its electrical conductivity. We compare the results from this approach with measured TDR traces and show that the problem is solved exactly. Finally, we address the thin‐layer issue because thin layers with a high permittivity contrast result in a delay of the run time of an electromagnetic pulse. We test numerically whether a similar behavior can be observed for a thin layered electrical conductivity profile. Our results show that the thickness of the soil layer with respect to electrical conductivity has no effect on the apparent electrical conductivity. We conclude that the apparent electrical conductivity is appropriate as boundary condition in TDR inversion as long as a procedure is known to convert the water content of a slice to its electrical conductivity     

土壤水分实时监测的应用与现状

目前有很多种实时监测土壤水分的方法,其中TDR法和FD法因具有众多优点,已经在生产实际中得到广泛应用。从这两种方法的基本理论、产生和应用发展方面进行分析;同时对最近几年来国内出现的基于SWR驻波率原理的土壤水分监测技术的发展现状做一介绍;并介绍一些国外的土壤水分监测技术及其在国内的应用。