基因编辑技术在贝类中的应用进展与展望

基因编辑是进行生物体遗传修饰的重要手段,已广泛应用于功能基因组学研究、动物模型制备、动植物遗传改良、基因治疗等多个研究领域.近年来CRISPR/Cas9技术的出现更是为生命科学领域带来一场技术革命,高效、精准、低成本的CRISPR技术已成为目前人们探究基因功能、解析生命现象的重要工具,在贝类中的应用也日益增多.本文就基...     

Genome Editing in Large Animals

Genome editing in large animals has tremendous practical applications, from more accurate models for medical research through improved animal welfare and production efficiency. Although genetic modification in large animals has a 30-year history, until recently technical issues limited its utility. The original methods—pronuclear injection and integrating viruses—were plagued with problems associated with low efficiency, silencing, poor regulation of gene expression, and variability associated with random integration. With the advent of site-specific nucleases such as TAL effector-like nucleases and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9, precision editing became possible. When used on their own, these can be used to truncate or knockout genes through nonhomologous end joining with relatively high efficiency. When used with a template containing desired gene edits, these can be used to allow insertion of any desired changes to the genome through homologous recombination with substantially lower efficiency. Consideration must be given to the issues of marker sets and off-target effects. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is most commonly used to create animals from gene-edited cells, but direct zygote injection and use of spermatogonial stem cells are alternatives under development. In developing gene editing projects, priority must be given to understanding the potential for off-target or unexpected effects of planned edits, which have been common in the past. Because of the increasing technical sophistication with which it can be accomplished, genome editing is poised to revolutionize large animal genetics, but attention must be paid to the underlying biology to maximize benefit.     

A brief review of genome editing technology for generating animal models

The recent development of genome editing technologies has given researchers unprecedented power to alter DNA sequences at chosen genomic loci, thereby generating various genetically edited animal models. This mini-review briefly summarizes the development of major genome editing tools, focusing on the application of these tools to generate animal models in multiple species.     

白叶枯病菌和细菌性条斑病菌多样性的TALE效应 蛋白调控水稻抗（感）病性机理与利用策略

培育和种植抗病品种是防治水稻白叶枯病和条斑病的有效措施。最近几年有关TALE效应蛋白调控水稻抗（感）病性研究取得了突破性进展,这将改变水稻抗性品种培育策略。为此,本文对稻黄单胞菌-水稻互作系统中已知TALE效应蛋白与水稻中的已知或未知抗（感）病基因（R或S）的对应关系进行了归纳,并就tale基因进化及对应水稻R或S基因发掘进行了分析。另外,文中还对以TALE为基础发展而来的TALEN技术遗传修饰水稻感病基因的前景进行了展望。利用TALEN技术可将高产优质但感病的水稻品种（材料）转变为高产优质兼广谱抗病的水稻品种（材料）。     

利用TALEN系统对兔进行Tiki1基因敲除

【目的】利用转录激活样效应因子核酸酶(TALEN)系统获得Tiki1基因敲除的兔模型,为研究Tiki1对动物早期发育作用机理提供兔源的动物模型。【方法】基于TALEN系统设计了靶向兔Tiki1基因的打靶载体,分别将10和50 ng/μL的Tiki1-TALEN mRNA注射到原核期的家兔受精卵胞质中,然后收集发育至囊胚期的胚胎,鉴定囊胚率和基因修饰效率,通过测序检验囊胚的基因突变。为了进一步获得Tiki1基因敲除兔,后续将50 ng/μL的Tiki1-TALEN mRNA注射到17个原核期的家兔受精卵胞质中,将受精卵分别移植到2只受体兔体内。【结果】注射50 ng/μL Tiki1-TALEN mRNA试验组的囊胚率(64%)与注射10 ng/μL Tiki1-TALEN mRNA试验组的囊胚率(57%)差异不大,但注射50 ng/μL Tiki1-TALEN mRNA试验组的囊胚基因修饰效率(100%)显著高于注射10 ng/μL Tiki1-TALEN mRNA试验组的囊胚基因修饰效率(14.3%)。测序结果表明,Tiki1基因的突变范围从1到28 bp缺失不等。经过胚胎移植共生出3只仔兔,其中有2只兔子能检测到基因突变。【结论】所建立的TALEN技术体系可以对家兔Tiki1基因进行高效的敲除。     

基因编辑新技术研究进展

基因编辑是一项旨在对基因组进行定点修饰的新技术,目前主要有人工核酸酶介导的锌指核酸酶（ZFN）技术、转录激活子样效应物核酸酶（TALEN）技术和RNA引导的CRISPR—Cas核酸酶（CRISPR-CasRGNs）技术。它们都能特异性地识别靶位点,对其单链或双链进行精准切割后,由细胞内源性的修复机制来完成对靶标基因的敲除和替换。本文比较了这3种基因编辑技术,并对其应用进展做了介绍。     

Effect of inhibiting release of exosomes on biological characteristics of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of inhibiting the release of exosomes on the biological characteristics of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS:The exosome releasing-deficient mouse model was constructed by knockout of Rab27a using TALEN technique. The BM-MSCs were isolated and cultured. The exosomes were extracted from the culture medium using total exosome isolation kit and quantified by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The size and morphology of the exosomes were observed under transmission electron microscope. To evaluate the proliferation ability of BM-MSCs, the BM-MSCs were labeled with 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and the expression level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was determined by Western blot. Moreover, hypoxia tolerance of BM-MSCs in vitro was evaluated via TUNEL staining and MTS assay. RESULTS:The count of exosomes released by BM-MSCs isolated from Rab27a knockout mice was significantly reduced. Inhibition of exosome release resulted in decreases in the viability of the BM-MSCs and their resistance to hypoxia. CONCLUSION:Inhibition of exosome release from the BM-MSCs results in significantly decreased proliferation ability and resistance to hypoxia.