Synergistic and antagonistic effects of atrazine on the toxicity of organophosphorodithioate and organophosphorothioate insecticides to Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae)

The acute toxicities of two organophosphorodithioate (dimethoate and disulfoton) and two organophosphorothioate (omethoate and demeton-S-methyl) insecticides were evaluated individually and in binary combination with the herbicide atrazine using fourth-instar larvae of the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans. Atrazine alone up to 1000 μg/L did not show significant toxicity to the midges in a 48-h bioassay. However, atrazine concentrations as low as 1 μg/L in combination with dimethoate at EC₂₅ (concentration to affect 25% of tested midges), 100 μg/L in combination with disulfoton (EC₂₅), and 10 μg/L in combination with demeton-S-methyl (EC₂₅) significantly enhanced the toxicity of each organophosphate insecticide. In contrast, atrazine concentrations of 10 μg/L and above in combination with omethoate (EC₂₅) significantly decreased the toxicity of the insecticide. Biochemical analysis indicated that increased toxicity of dimethoate, disulfoton, and demeton-S-methyl in binary combination with atrazine correlated to the increased inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Furthermore, cytochrome P450-dependent O-deethylation activity in the midges exposed to atrazine at 1000 μg/L was 1.5-fold higher than that in the control midges. Thus, atrazine appeared to induce cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the midges. Elevated cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity may increase the toxicities of dimethoate, disulfoton, and demeton-S-methyl by enhancing the oxidative activation of dimethoate into omethoate, and disulfoton and demeton-S-methyl into their sulfoxide analogs with increased anticholinesterase activity. In contrast, atrazine reduced the toxicity of omethoate possibly by enhancing the oxidative metabolic detoxification since omethoate does not require oxidative activation.     

阿维菌素与橡胶籽油复配对朱砂叶螨的联合作用

室内测定了阿维菌素和橡胶籽油对朱砂叶螨的毒力及其复配剂的联合作用。结果表明,阿维菌素和橡胶籽油对朱砂叶螨雌成螨的LC50分别为0.01μg/ml和1311.81μg/ml;阿维菌素与橡胶籽油复配对朱砂叶螨成螨增效作用显著,共毒系数最高为293.90;阿维菌素及其与橡胶籽油最优复配剂对经药剂处理螨卵孵化的若螨具有显著的杀灭活性,且相同浓度下复配剂显著优于阿维菌素单剂,但两药剂对螨卵的直接毒杀活性均很低。阿维菌素与橡胶籽油复配剂这一高效、安全生物农药在害螨防治中极具应用前景。     

印楝素与啶虫脒对椰心叶甲生物活性及混配增效作用

为探讨植物源杀虫剂和常用化学杀虫剂在椰心叶甲防治上的联合利用效果,采用浸叶法和大田药效试验测定了印楝素和啶虫脒对椰心叶甲的生物活性及混配增效作用。结果表明:印楝素和啶虫脒对椰心叶甲4龄幼虫均表现出生物活性,LC50值分别为14.45和9.44 mg/L。混配增效结果表明,以有效成分印楝素∶啶虫脒=2∶5(质量分数)增效作用最强,共毒系数为492.23。大田药效试验结果表明,混配处理组以有效成分印楝素∶啶虫脒=2∶5(质量分数)对椰心叶甲的田间防治效果最好,在浓度为50 mg/L处理7 d后,混配处理组的校正虫口减退率为87.66%,印楝素和啶虫脒单独处理组分别为69.43%和74.35%。     

苹果黄蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性变化及混配增效作用研究

为了解苹果黄蚜药剂敏感性变化及药剂混配的增效作用, 采用FAO推荐的微量点滴法, 测定了苹果黄蚜在白天不同时间对杀虫剂啶虫脒、氟氯氰菊酯、马拉硫磷、溴氰菊酯的敏感性, 及不同作用机理的杀虫剂混配对苹果黄蚜的增效作用。结果表明, 苹果黄蚜在白天对所试药剂的敏感性呈规律性变化, 在9∶30am和4∶30pm对各药剂均出现敏感性高峰, 为喷药的最佳时间, 而在2∶30pm敏感性最低, 应减少在此时向区域内用药; 混配增效试验结果表明, 溴氰菊酯与马拉硫磷以有效成分1∶9, 吡虫啉与马拉硫磷以1∶10和1∶15, 啶虫脒与马拉硫磷以1∶10和1∶15混配对苹果黄蚜均有明显的增效作用。     

孔雀草与淡紫拟青霉协同作用防治烟草根结线虫效果

[目的]明确孔雀草与淡紫拟青霉2种生防因子协同作用防治烟草根结线虫的效果,为烟草根结线虫病的生物防治提供参考。[方法]通过田间试验研究烤烟间作孔雀草同时联合使用淡紫拟青霉对烤烟生长特性以及对根结线虫病发病情况的影响。[结果]孔雀草与淡紫拟青霉联合使用不仅能显著提高淡紫拟青霉对烟草根结线虫防治效果的稳定性,还能明显提高烤烟的农艺性状。烤烟间作孔雀草能显著增加烟株的叶片宽度,施用淡紫拟青霉能显著增加烤烟的叶片长度;在株高、茎围、最大叶长和最大叶宽上,孔雀草与淡紫拟青霉联合使用时均明显优于单一处理。单一施用淡紫拟青霉对根结线虫的平均防效为67.2%,施用淡紫拟青霉的同时间作孔雀草,平均防效在73%以上。[结论]孔雀草与淡紫拟青霉协同作用防治根结线虫有显著的增效作用。     

Selection and characterization of spinosad resistance in Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The cross-resistance and biochemical mechanism of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), to spinosad was studied in the laboratory. S. exigua population were collected from Shanghai suburb. After five generations of selection, the resistance of S. exigua to spinosad increased 345.4 times compared with the susceptible strain. There was no cross-resistance between spinosad and fenvalerate, phoxim, methomyl, abamectin, and cyfluthrin. When the inhibitors, PBO, TPP, DEF, and DEM were used as synergist in the susceptible strain and resistant strain, the synergistic ratio was 0.7-, 0.5-, 1.0-, and 0.6- fold for the susceptible strain, and 9.8-, 1.5-, 2.6-, and 1.5-fold for the resistant strain, respectively. The results revealed that PBO had significant synergistic effect on the resistant strain. The activity in vitro of microsomal-O-demethylase and glutathione S-transferase in the resistant strain was 5.2- and 1.0-fold of the susceptible strain, respectively. The results implied that microsomal-O-demethylase might be important in conferring spinosad resistance in the S. exigua population.     

Fipronil resistance mechanisms in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker

Fipronil resistance mechanisms were studied between the laboratory susceptible strain and the selective field population of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker in the laboratory. The borer population was collected from Wenzhou county, Zhejiang province. After five generations of selection, fipronil resistance ratio was 45.3-fold compared to the susceptible strain. Synergism experiments showed that the synergistic ratios of PBO, TPP and DEF on fipronil in susceptible and resistant strains of C. suppressalis were 7.55-, 1.93- and 2.91-fold, respectively, and DEM showed no obvious synergistic action on fipronil. Activities of carboxylesterase and microsomal-O-demethylase in the resistant strain were 1.89- and 1.36-fold higher that in susceptible strain, and no significant difference of glutathione-S-transferase activity was found between the resistant and susceptible strains. The K_m and V_max experiments also demonstrated that fipronil resistance of C. suppressalis was closely relative to the enhanced activities of carboxylesterase and microsomal-O-demethylase. Moreover, cross-resistance between fipronil and other conventional insecticides and the multiple resistant properties of the original Wenzhou’s population were also discussed.     

复配杀螨剂胺沙乳油的筛选与药效

通过室内毒力测定与大田药效试验，对以水胺硫磷为主的１０种复配杀螨剂进行筛选，结果表明，水胺硫磷加巴沙的混剂对桔全爪螨具有增效作用，其共毒系数为３７０，防治效果在９０％以上，比水胺硫磷的防效提高了１０％以上。     

ND—901,ND—903杀菌混剂防治大棚黄瓜霜霉病的研究

用载玻片萌发法测定了混剂的室内毒力，共毒系数ＮＤ－９０１为２０８．１４ＮＤ－９０３为２４３．１３，表明具有一定程度的增效作用。大棚试验结果表明，无论在防效还是增产方面，混剂比单用保护或内吸必杀菌剂都具有明显的优点。小区试验ＮＤ－９０１和ＮＤ－９０３的防效分别比三乙膦酸铝高１０．９８％和２４．２８％，增产２２．２％和４０．５％。ＮＤ－９０１国内多点示范推广防病增产效果都很好。此外，还测定了混剂的急性     

Using synergists to detect multiple insecticide resistance in field populations of rice stem borer

The rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), an important insect pest of rice in China, has developed resistances to several classes of insecticides in field. In order to investigate multiple resistance mechanisms, synergistic tests were conducted with the Ruian (RA) population and Lianyungang (LYG) population, two representative populations to different insecticides. Results showed that diethyl maleate (DEM), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), had no significant synergistic or inhibitory effect on the high level of resistance to monosultap (313.4-fold) and moderate level to chlorpyrifos (36.9-fold) in Ruian field population from the year 2011 (RA11). DEF significantly synergized the activity of triazophos in RA11 population (536.8-fold), with synergism ratio of 1.92. DEF and PBO significantly suppressed 43.3% and 40.4% of resistance to fipronil in RA11 population (48.4-fold), respectively, with the synergistic ratios of 1.76 and 1.69. When pretreated with PBO, the activity of deltamethrin against RA11 population were significantly synergized, with synergism ratio of 9.57, and with reducing resistance levels from 152.5- to 15.9-fold. The results of this study indicated that resistance to several classes of insecticide among the field populations of C. suppressalis might be provided by the combination of the multiple resistance mechanisms. Metabolic resistance mechanism might be the major reason for the evolution for resistance to deltamethrin and fipronil, while resistance to monosultap, triazophos and chlorpyrifos is not associated with metabolic resistance.