苹果黄蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性变化及混配增效作用研究

为了解苹果黄蚜药剂敏感性变化及药剂混配的增效作用, 采用FAO推荐的微量点滴法, 测定了苹果黄蚜在白天不同时间对杀虫剂啶虫脒、氟氯氰菊酯、马拉硫磷、溴氰菊酯的敏感性, 及不同作用机理的杀虫剂混配对苹果黄蚜的增效作用。结果表明, 苹果黄蚜在白天对所试药剂的敏感性呈规律性变化, 在9∶30am和4∶30pm对各药剂均出现敏感性高峰, 为喷药的最佳时间, 而在2∶30pm敏感性最低, 应减少在此时向区域内用药; 混配增效试验结果表明, 溴氰菊酯与马拉硫磷以有效成分1∶9, 吡虫啉与马拉硫磷以1∶10和1∶15, 啶虫脒与马拉硫磷以1∶10和1∶15混配对苹果黄蚜均有明显的增效作用。     

Mottle necrosis of sweet potato caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pythium scleroteichum</Emphasis> in Japan and varietal difference in susceptibility to the disease

Severe mottle necrosis (Shirogusare-byo in Japanese) was found on mature tubers of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) in Ibaraki Prefecture in October 2004. The causal organism was identified as Pythium scleroteichum hitherto unknown in Japan. Sweet potato cultivar Purple Sweet Lord was more susceptible than cultivars Beniazuma, Benimasari, Koukei-14, and Tamayutaka to the pathogen at 25°C, while this difference in the susceptibility was not clear at 15°C.     

Differentiation of citrus bacterial canker strains in Korea by host range,rep-PCR fingerprinting and 16S rDNA analysis

Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV) causes a severe disease in susceptible cultivars of winter wheat. The virus is vectored by the soil-borne protist Polymyxa graminis. Experiments were conducted to investigate whether SBCMV RNA2 could persist in seed from SBCMV-infected susceptible cultivars of winter wheat. Over 7,000 seedlings were generated from seed collected from two cultivars of SBCMV-infected winter wheat. Seedlings were grown in a glasshouse compartment and batch tested for the presence of SBCMV using real-time RT-PCR. The majority of batches tested positive for SBCMV, indicating an RNA2 transmission rate of 1.8–9.4% in wheat. The presence of the virus was confirmed by amplifying and sequencing a larger (400 bp) fragment of viral RNA2 in a sub-set of the seedlings testing positive by real-time RT-PCR. Root extracts from this sub-set tested negative for P. graminis using real-time PCR. The implications for disease epidemiology of this virus are discussed. The authors are British Civil Servants and as such their work is subject to British Crown Copyright. This means the exclusive copyright for the article cannot be transferred.     

The effect of the incidence of cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) on the performance and yield of cassava cultivars

The objective of this work was to assess the effect of the incidence of cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) on the performance and yield of cassava cultivars planted in Owerri, Imo state. Eighteen cultivars were planted in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times over a period of 3 years. Cultivars TMS 30211, TMS 30001, 98/0510 and TMS 4(2)1425 were regarded as resistant due to the possession of more than three desirable characteristics such as the least size of cankers and absence of cankers in the first and second trials (2003/04 and 2004/05) respectively, lowest severity score and highest weight of healthy fresh tuber and stems. They are recommended for use as parent materials for breeding for resistance to CAD. Cultivar Akwakwuru had the largest size of cankers on whole plant, highest fresh weight of infected tubers and stems which led to low yield and less planting materials. It is regarded as susceptible and may lead to spread of CAD. The correlation of weight of infected fresh tubers on size of canker on whole plant, young stem and maturing stem were positively and highly significantly correlated (r = 0.645, r = 0.470, r = 0.583 and r = 0.622, respectively).     

大白菜中与芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)感病基因连锁的AFLP标记

 TuMV是大白菜病毒病的主要病原物之一,所以抗TuMV病毒病成为白菜抗病育种的主要目标,寻找与抗性基因紧密连锁的分子标记,进行分子标记辅助育种,是提高白菜抗病育种效率的有效手段。以抗病自交系Brp0058和感病自交系Brp0181杂交后代的F2分离群体为试材,采用分离群体分组分析法(BSA),筛选到2个与TuMV感病基因紧密连锁的AFLP分子标记,利用MAPMAKER/EXP(Version3.0)作图软件统计,其遗传距离分别为7.5和8.4cM。     

Tolerance to excess moisture in maize (Zea mays L.): susceptible crop stages and identification of tolerant genotypes

Excess moisture (water-logging) during the summer–rainy season is one of the major production constraints for maize (Zea mays L.) in a large area of Southeast Asia. Identification and development of genotypes capable of withstanding the stress conditions could be an ideal and affordable approach suitable for resource poor maize-growing farmers of such areas. We attempted to identify the most susceptible/critical crop stage(s) of maize for excess moisture stress, and to develop a screening technique and selection strategies for identification of germplasm tolerant to excess moisture stress. Among the four crop stages, i.e. early seedling (V2), knee-high (V7), tasseling (VT) and milk stage (R1), V2 was found to be highly susceptible, followed by the V7 stage. A screening technique (cup method) was developed/standardized, and was found to be an efficient technique for large-scale screening of maize genotypes against excess soil moisture stress. Germplasm was screened using this technique followed by field evaluation at the V7 growth stage (seventh leaf visible). Excess soil moisture stress severely affected various growth and biochemical parameters, impaired anthesis and silking, and eventually resulted in poor kernel development and yield. However, remarkable variability was found among the genotypes studied. Genotypes with good carbohydrate accumulation in stem tissues, moderate stomatal conductance, <5 days ASI, high root porosity, and early brace root development ability have been found to have good tolerance against the hypoxia/anoxia caused by excess soil moisture conditions.     

玉米穗粒腐病抗性研究进展

从玉米穗粒腐病的病原菌、发病症状类型、成因及抗病基因定位等角度介绍了玉米穗粒腐病的抗性研究进展,并探讨了进一步开展玉米穗粒腐病抗性研究的策略,为玉米抗病育种提供了依据。     

苯达松敏感基因在杂交水稻制种技术上的应用研究

笔者自1996年起,就致力于苯达松致死基因在杂交稻制种上的应用研究。经过多年努力,已经成功选育含bel基因的恢复系,且在国内外首次培育了可混播制种的杂交组合“混制1号”。对该组合及其父、母本进行几项关键技术研究,为完善大面积机械化制种技术奠定基础。     

柑橘全爪螨代谢抗性相关基因表达差异分析

【目的】为了明确谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)基因、羧酸酯酶(CarE)基因,过氧化氢酶(CAT)基因在柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri抗性中的作用,【方法】在室内用噻螨酮对柑橘全爪螨进行抗性选育,进一步构建抗/敏品系数字基因表达谱,采用RPKM法对柑橘全爪螨敏感品系和噻螨酮抗性品系3种代谢抗性相关基因进行表达差异分析。【结果】经过20代抗性选育,获得了柑橘全爪螨噻螨酮抗性品系,与敏感品系比较,柑橘全爪螨对噻螨酮的抗性倍数达到3 532.12倍。基因差异性分析发现,抗性品系中有11条GST基因、17条CarE基因和6条CAT基因表达上调;14条GST基因、24条CarE基因和3条CAT基因表达下调。上调倍数最高的GST基因、CarE基因和CAT基因分别为Unigene31530[log2 ratio(RS/SS)=1.05]、Unigene23121[log2 ratio(RS/SS)=2.05]和Unigene31477[log2 ratio(RS/SS)=10.04]。进一步对Unigene31477进行荧光定量PCR分析发现,抗性和敏感品系基因表达水平没有显著差异。【结论】根据柑橘全爪螨抗/敏性品系基因表达差异推断,GST、CarE和CAT基因可能与柑橘全爪螨对噻螨酮产生的抗性没有密切关系。     

黄瓜CsaDMR6-2基因的克隆及特征分析

通过系统进化树和黄瓜霜霉病主效QTL分析,确定了与拟南芥抗霜霉病突变基因DMR6同源性较高的Csa DMR6-2基因为黄瓜霜霉病感病候选基因。以15份不同遗传背景的抗病和感病黄瓜自交系为材料克隆了Cs DMR6-2基因,经过与已知功能的拟南芥基因DMR6、DLO1和DLO2的氨基酸进行多序列比对、蛋白质二级和三级结构的预测,结果显示:欧洲温室型的抗病材料K15和K58的Csa DMR6-2的CDS序列在856bp处有1个碱基的突变,引起相应氨基酸由丝氨酸(TCA)变成丙氨酸(GCA),进而引起其部分蛋白质二级和三级结构的变化;Csa DMR6-2与拟南芥的DMR6、DLO1和DLO2基因具有很高的同源性,且同属于一类氧化酶,两者具有相同的结构域,而抗病材料的变异位点均发生在催化区。试验结果为进一步研究Csa DMR6-2的基因功能和利用感病基因获得霜霉病持久广谱抗性打下了良好的基础。