Changes in the glutathione thiol-disulfide status in wheat grain by foliar sulphur fertilization: consequences for the rheological properties of dough

Storage proteins and glutathione in wheat play an important role in gluten network formation and can be modified by supplementation of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) in wheat plants. The glutathione thiol-disulfide status and its relationship to the molecular weight distribution wheat polymeric protein and dough rheological properties have been examined after different foliar S fertilizations (S derived from micronized elemental S and NS, a mixture of N urea and elemental S) applied at the post-anthesis stage. Changes in levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), polymeric protein-glutathione mixed disulfide (PPSSG) were analysed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, during grain development using the wheat cultivars, Soissons and Trémie. During the grain desiccation phase, S supplementation (i) increased the GSSG/GSH ratio by 23–25% (ii) induced PPSSG accumulation, and (iii) decreased the formation of SDS-unextractable polymeric protein (UPP) and its molecular mass distribution. However, simultaneous N and S supplementation results in: (i) a decrease in PPSSG formation by 20–30% and (ii) an increase of UPP by 7–18% by enhancing both the branching of the aggregated proteins and their molecular weight. The mixograph parameters show that all forms of endogenous glutathione are linked to dough weakening and are negatively correlated with dough mixing tolerance, dough strength and consistency, while UPP is positively correlated with dough strength and consistency. These findings indicate that S nutrition influences dynamics of the glutathione forms in the grain and results in modification the degree of polymerization of storage protein. Thus both the changes in the form of glutathione and protein polymerization influence the rheological properties of dough.     

超级稻“三定”栽培法研究Ⅲ．不同栽培方式对超级杂交稻产量形成的影响

超级杂交稻的优化(稀植、结构施肥)栽培试验于2002-2004年在长沙进行,以比较不同栽培方法对超级杂交稻产量及物质生产的影响。以两优培九为材料,并以汕优63作为对照。结果表明,两种栽培法,两个供试品种的产量表现不同,其中两优培九采用优化栽培单产为8.20～10.37t/hm2,比传统栽培增产显著。主要表现为有效穗多,而结实率、千粒重、穗实粒等产量因子差异不明显。汕优63采用优化栽培单产比传统栽培减产0.37%～8.8%。两种栽培方法间的茎蘖发生动态和单株分蘖数存在极显著差异,两组合单株分蘖数优化栽培比传统栽培分别多110.36%和110.64%,但由于移栽密度不同,两种栽培方式间的单位面积分蘖数没有明显差异。两优培九采用优化栽培的在各个生育时期,植株体内的含氮量比传统栽培的高。     

黑龙江西部低山丘陵区应用保水剂造林适宜施用量试验研究

保水剂不同施用量的盆栽梯度试验与不同拌种比例的直播造林试验的结果表明：随着保水剂施用量的增加，植苗造林维持苗木成活生长时间逐渐延长，其中维持新植苗木持续成活生长15天左右的施用量分别为：小黑杨（2根1干）10～12 g，丁香（2年实生苗）8～10 g，樟子松（2年实生苗）6～8 g；直播拌种造林则随着加拌保水剂比例增大，胡枝子出苗量逐渐提高，1∶10、1∶15及1∶20比例与对照差异显著，当年苗高同时逐渐提高，1∶10比例与对照差异显著。通过与人工浇水比较，在保证造林成活率的前提下，植苗造林施用保水剂可分别节约造林抚育成本：小黑杨1142．5元／hm2、丁香1110元／hm2、樟子松1353．34元／hm2。     

太阳能固体吸附式制冷技术的研究与进展

指出了太阳能吸附式制冷是极具发展前途的绿色环保、节能的制冷技术，为当前制冷技术研究中的热点和焦点。综合介绍了太阳能固体吸附式制冷技术的原理、现状、存在的问题及其解决的措施，并对其应用前景作了分析和展望。     

利用分子标记辅助选择改良春恢350稻瘟病抗性

水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pigm(t)抗谱广、抗性强。春恢350是超级早稻春光1号的恢复系,该恢复系配合力强,丰产性好,但不抗稻瘟病。本研究以携带抗稻瘟病基因Pigm的谷梅4号为抗源,以春恢350为轮回受体亲本,在回交选育过程中,通过表形筛选与分子标记辅助选择相结合,将Pigm(t)基因导入到春恢350中,获得3个带有目标基因的改良恢复系纯合株系。以江西近年来具有代表性的20个菌株对这3份材料进行抗性鉴定,其抗性频率为85%~100%,而原始对照春恢350的抗性频率仅为5%,表明抗性基因已成功导入春恢350中并表达;并用不育系江农早4号A与改良的春恢350测配,其杂种一代田间表现优势强,抗性强。     

一种新颖的阳离子非病毒基因载体 Chitosan-g-PEI-g-PEG-OH 的性能研究

研究了新型阳离子聚合物Chitosan-g-PEI-g-PEG-OH的性能，重点考察其粒度，基因转染效率与细胞毒性，探讨了其作为基因载体的可能性.通过动态光散射仪（DSL）、透射电镜（TEM）观察了Chitosan-g-PEI-g-PEG-OH与DNA自组装形成的颗粒形态及粒径，Chitosan-g-PEI-g-PEG-OH可复合DNA形成粒径160～210 nm的纳米复合物，适合进入细胞.使用MTT比色法分析Chitosan-g-PEI-g-PEG-OH的毒性并与PEI，PEI-g-PEG-OH比较.选用增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP) 转染Hela细胞，应用流式细胞术检测转染效率.新型阳离子多聚物Chitosan-g-PEI-g-PEG-OH在提高基因转染效率的同时降低了其细胞毒性，有望成为基因转移的有效载体.     

Effects of Dietary Crude Protein Levels on Growth Performance,Digestion and Metabolism,and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Super Merino Lamb

The experiment aimed to find out the effects of dietary crude protein levels on growth performance, digestion and metabolism and serum biochemical indexes of Super Merino lamb after weaning.According to the dietary crude protein level, 64 Super Merino weaned lambs were divided into four groups, which the crude protein levels were 13.25%(group Ⅰ), 14.33%(group Ⅱ), 15.53%(group Ⅲ) and 16.60%(group Ⅳ), respectively.The experiment lasted for 60 days, 30 days for the early stage and 30 days for the later stage;And on the 30th and 60th day, blood samples were collected from one head sheep chosen from each replication, and at the end of the feeding test, 3 lambs were randomly selected from each experiment group for a 15 days digestion and metabolism experiment.The results showed that ADFI and ADG in the early and total trial period were significant differences(P<0.05), ADFI and ADG of group Ⅲ were higher than others.The apparent digestibility of nutrients and ME/DE were not significantly changed(P>0.05).In the detection of serum biochemical indexes, there was no significant difference in the earlier stage(P>0.05);At the end of the test, PK and CK showed significant difference between groups(P<0.05).PK presented a rising trend as the protein level improved, CK of group Ⅰ was higher than other groups.In Super Merino lamb early weaning diet, 15.53% protein level in the diet could significantly improve ADG, the apparent digestibility of nutrients, metabolic energy digestibility.At the end of the test, PK and CK were affected by dietary crude protein level significantly.     

Impact of variation in structure of condensed tannins from sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) on in vitro ruminal methane production and fermentation characteristics

Our study investigated the effects of condensed tannins (CT) on rumen in vitro methane (CH₄) production and fermentation characteristics by incubating lucerne in buffered rumen fluid in combination with different CT extracts at 0 (control), 40, 80 and 120 g CT/kg of substrate DM. Condensed tannins were extracted from four sainfoin accessions: Rees ‘A’, CPI63763, Cotswold Common and CPI63767. Gas production (GP) was measured using a fully automated GP apparatus with CH₄ measured at distinct time points. Condensed tannins differed substantially in terms of polymer size and varied from 13 (Rees ‘A’) to 73 (CPI63767) mean degree of polymerization, but had relatively similar characteristics in terms of CT content, procyanidin: prodelphinidin (PC: PD) and cis:trans ratios. Compared to control, addition of CT from CPI63767 and CPI63763 at 80 and 120 g CT/kg of substrate DM reduced CH₄ by 43% and 65%, and by 23% and 57%, respectively, after 24‐h incubation. Similarly, CT from Rees ‘A’ and Cotswold Common reduced CH₄ by 26% and 46%, and by 28% and 46% respectively. Addition of increasing level of CT linearly reduced the maximum rates of GP and CH₄ production, and the estimated in vitro organic matter digestibility. There was a negative linear and quadratic (p < 0.01) relation between CT concentration and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. Inclusion of 80 and 120 g CT/kg of substrate DM reduced (p < 0.001) branched‐chain VFA production and acetate: propionate ratio and was lowest for CPI63767. A decrease in proteolytic activity as indirectly shown by a change in VFA composition favouring a shift towards propionate and reduction in branched‐chain VFA production varied with type of CT and was highest for CPI63767. In conclusion, these results suggest that tannin polymer size is an important factor affecting in vitro CH₄ production which may be linked to the CT interaction with dietary substrate or microbial cells.     

抗旱保水剂在岗坡旱地甘薯上的应用试验

为提高冀南地区岗坡旱地农作物产量,应用抗旱保水剂在甘薯上进行了试验。结果表明,施用抗旱保水剂可提高甘薯幼苗成活率,促进甘薯生长,增产增收,以45kg/hm2用量效果最好。     

新型吸水剂在砂姜黑土甘蓝包菜上应用效果

研究了一种新型吸水剂在砂姜黑土应用效果。结果表明：新型吸水剂对生长初期甘蓝包菜生长有一定的抑制作用,但随着水分胁迫增加,吸水剂保水效果的发挥,包菜的生长很快恢复,到收获期,包菜产量,水分利用效率,土壤保水能力都显著高于对照处理。吸水剂以深施效果最好,增产率达15.5%,水分利用效率提高48.3%,供试的吸水剂在抗旱节水上有很好的应用前景。