An evaluation of the pesera soil erosion model and its application to a case study in Zakynthos, Greece

Abstract. The Pan‐European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (pesera ) model was evaluated using existing soil erosion data collected under various types of climate, vegetation, landscape and soil conditions. The data used represent a variety of typical Mediterranean land uses such as winter wheat, vines, olives and bare, stony land prevailing in hilly areas. Using this data, the model was calibrated for sediment transport by overland flow and results compared to measured soil erosion values from runoff plots and a watershed on a monthly basis. The performance of the model was assessed statistically, showing that it can be satisfactorily used for predicting soil erosion rates under the conditions included in the study. The overall model estimate including all the available experimental data was 0.69 t ha^?1 yr^?1 with a maximum error of 1.49 t ha^?1 yr^?1. After validation, the model was applied to a small watershed (60 ha) of great ecological importance for the sea turtle Caretta caretta. For this purpose, soil and vegetation maps were compiled from all the necessary data for applying the model. The model was run for three years using daily data from an existing nearby meteorological station. The predicted and measured soil erosion rates for a 7‐month period were 0.31 t and 0.18 t, respectively. Application of the model to each mapping unit showed the over‐riding importance of land use for sediment generation under the given climatic conditions. Bare land, occupying 5.5% of the watershed area, generated up to 69% of the total sediments estimated for the watershed. It is concluded that the pesera model can be used as a regional diagnostic tool under a range of soil, topographic and climatic conditions for identifying the best land use type and vegetation cover to protect hilly areas from soil erosion. The calculated overall root mean square error for the model is 0.06 t ha^?1 yr^?1, compared to a soil erosion rate of 0.04 t ha^?1 yr^?1, which can be tolerated for protecting the area for the sea turtle.     

A test for interaction between brown trout (Salmo trutta) and inanga (Galaxias maculatus) in an artificial stream

Abstract –  The interaction between brown trout ( Salmo trutta ; fork length (FL) range 255–390 mm) and inanga ( Galaxias maculatus ; FL range 55–115 mm) was tested during summer through autumn in an artificial stream consisting of a single run-riffle-pool sequence with a natural food supply. Each experimental trial lasted for 15 days, and consisted of two brown trout and 50 inanga collected fresh from a nearby stream, with each species given prior residence in four replicate tests, totalling eight trials in all. In addition, two control trials (each 10 days), with 50 inanga in each, were run. Brown trout almost exclusively occupied the pool, whereas inanga occupied all habitat types, although in different proportions, when tested with and without brown trout. The proportion of inanga in the pool was appreciably lower in the experimental trials with brown trout than in the control trials with no brown trout; prior residence had no significant effect on inanga habitat use. Mortality of inanga attributable to predation by brown trout ranged from 0 to 40% with a mean of 14.5 ± 4.7%. The results suggest that habitat use and survival of inanga populations in small streams can be adversely affected by brown trout.     

Some determinants of the spatio-temporal fire cycle in a mediterranean landscape (Corsica,France)

Based on recent needs to accurately understand fire regimes and post-fire vegetation resilience at a supra-level for carbon cycle studies, this article focusses on the coupled history of fire and vegetation pattern for 40 years on a fire-prone area in central Corsica (France). This area has been submitted since the beginning of the 20^th century to land abandonment and the remaining land management has been largely controlled by frequent fires. Our objectives were to rebuild vegetation and fire maps in order to determine the factors which have driven the spatial and temporal distribution of fires on the area, what were the feed backs on the vegetation dynamics, and the long-term consequences of this inter-relationship. The results show a stable but high frequency of small fires, coupled with forest expansion over the study period. The results particularly illustrate the spatial distribution of fires according to topography and vegetation, leading to a strong contrast between areas never burnt and areas which have been burnt up to 7 times. Fires, when occuring, affect on average 9 to 12% of the S, SE and SW facing slopes (compared to only 2 to 5% for the N facing slopes), spread recurrently over ridge tops, affect all the vegetation types but reburn preferentially shrublands and grasslands. As these fire-proning parameters have also been shown to decrease the regeneration capacity of forests, this study highlights the needs in spatial studies (both in terms of fire spread and vegetation dynamic) to accurately apprehend vegetation dynamic and functionning in fire-prone areas.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘肃温室葡萄生产的能量利用与碳足迹研究

【目的】探明甘肃温室葡萄生产的能量投入和碳足迹构成,识别主要的碳排放贡献因子,为温室葡萄清洁生产提供依据。【方法】以甘肃温室葡萄为研究对象,将温室葡萄栽培区分为兰州市永登县及武威市凉州区、古浪县、天祝县华藏寺镇和天祝县哈溪镇5个不同海拔区域,通过农户调查获得2019年葡萄生产数据,核算温室葡萄生产各环节的能量输入、能量输出和碳排放,对比分析不同海拔区域温室葡萄生产的能量利用效率、能量生产率、净能量、比能和碳足迹。【结果】甘肃温室葡萄生产的能量输入为273 862～434 421 MJ/hm²,能量输出为170 723～327 962 MJ/hm²,葡萄产量为14 460～27 793 kg/hm²,属于高投入高产出型。甘肃温室葡萄生产的能量利用效率为0.45～1.13,能量生产率为0.038～0.096 kg/MJ,净能量为-263 798～2 496 MJ/hm²,比能为13.51～44.85 MJ/kg;直接能量投入和可再生能量投入占比低,间接能量投入和不可再生能量投入占比高。单位面积碳足迹和单位产量碳足迹分别为32 959～55 075 kg/hm²和1.59～5.70 kg/kg,碳足迹很大程度上来源于氮肥的投入,其占比达45.5%～62.4%。不同区域相比,天祝县哈溪镇温室葡萄生产的能量输入低,能量输出和产量较高,能量利用效率和能量生产率也较高,净能量最大且为正值,比能最小,单位面积碳足迹和单位产量碳足迹均最小;天祝县华藏寺镇能量利用指标最差,碳足迹最大。【结论】甘肃温室葡萄生产的能量利用效率较低,碳足迹较高,能量利用效率的提高和碳足迹的降低空间均较大。因此应采取降低氮肥使用量、优化氮肥与有机肥配比等科学合理的管理措施,提高甘肃温室葡萄生产的能量利用效率,降低碳足迹,改善其环境效应。     

鄱阳湖湿地保护与合理利用

对鄱阳湖湿地环境与资源的现状进行了概述,从环境与资源状况,立法、管理与资源合理利用,以及湿地研究、监测与宣传教育等3个方面分析鄱阳湖湿地目前存在的问题及引起这些问题原因.针对这些问题,提出鄱阳湖湿地保护与合理利用对策.考虑到立法在鄱阳湖湿地保护管理中的重要性,对<江西省鄱阳湖湿地保护条例>进行了较为深入的剖析和探讨.由于生态旅游是保护鄱阳湖湿地资源合理利用的最有效途径,因此,对生态旅游也进行了较为详细的介绍.     

市场经济对云南规划烟区耕地资源的影响分析

为了掌握目前云南规划烟区在耕地资源配置方面的详细情况,以及市场经济对云南规划烟区坡度影响,以最新烤烟种植区划成果数据和坡度格点化数据为基础,分析各州市烤烟种植区划核心区,优质区和适宜区在坡度类型的分布状况和差异,在此基础上结合各州市农村人均可支配收入数据,分析市场经济对云南烤烟种植区坡度的影响.结果表明:云南省烤烟规划...     

氮磷配施对旱地春小麦水分利用效率及水肥交互作用的影响

通过盆栽和多年田间定位试验,系统研究了旱地春小麦水肥交互效应和氮磷配施对土壤水分有效利用、作物蒸腾和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,盆栽试验中水肥交互作用增产效果明显,水、肥利用效率分别提高124%和28.6%.在本试验水平下,水肥单位用量的产量互补效益为471.5∶7.0,即水肥主次效应的转换阈值为17.4%.当水分合量为19.7%,总施肥量为247.4 kg/hm2时(N:P2O3=1∶0.75),最高收入达4 970.0元/hm2.小麦收获时,施肥使0～200 cm土层有效水分利用率从44.9%提高到54.2%.N60P45、N120P90和N180P135处理较对照,蒸腾分别增加22.7、38.0和47.8 mm,蒸傲比值分别提高0.04、0.07和0.08,较对照籽粒蒸腾效率分别提高0.08、0.24和0.14 g/kg.氪磷配施提高了土壤有效水分的利用、作物的蒸腾效率和水分利用效率,提高作物的经济产量.因此,合理施肥是提高作物水分利用效率和农业生产水平的重要措施.     

坝上沽源县土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

分析土地利用变化数据,采用中国陆地生态系统的服务价值测算方法,评估了沽源县土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明:1990~2006年沽源县耕地面积大幅度减少,牧草地面积稍有减少,林地面积大幅度增加,园地面积没有变化,其余类型面积稍有增加;其中耕地面积减少了73 508.2 hm2,林地面积增加了73 975.5 hm2,这主要是退耕还林草的结果;1990~2006年生态系统服务价值增加了30 550.9万元,其中林地和牧草地对生态系统服务价值的贡献最大。     

内蒙古河套灌区春小麦高效用水灌溉制度研究

本文以2006年内蒙古河套灌区沙壕渠试验站—春小麦的灌溉试验资料,应用FAO-56双作物系数法计算了不同试验处理的春小麦的实际需水量,研究了需水量与产量,与水分利用效率的关系,并用水分利用效率最大为原则确定了春小麦各种处理的高效用水灌溉制度。     

绿洲生态水权界定及其分配

从水资源产权的角度来理解绿洲生态用水,期望为绿洲生态和环境的保护与恢复提供新的研究思路。首先对生态用水概念进行了辨析,给出了绿洲生态用水的概念;其次对绿洲生态水权从质和量两个方面进行了界定;最后提出绿洲生态水权分配的层次结构,介绍了绿洲生态用水的计算方法,重点对绿洲生态水权进行分配。从而进一步明晰了绿洲生态水权,为绿洲生态与环境的保护和恢复提供了新的理念和思路。