轮胎压出卷取装置的控制系统改进

传统上,轮胎成型机成型时仅胎侧采用卷取方式,胎面采用在压出冷却线上预裁断的方式.近几年,为了提高轮胎的动平衡,轮胎成型用的半成品部件越来越多地采用卷取的方式,现胎面也开始大量采用卷取方式.但使用原有的设备存在卷取的部件厚度变化较大时,卷取速度与生产线速度不匹配的问题,为此,提出了实现方式简单和改动很小的改进的措施.     

夏玉米残茬覆盖与耕作方式的研究

对小麦机械收获后残茬覆盖与不覆盖两种条件下免耕、翻耕和间隔深松三种土壤耕作方式夏玉米的营养生长及籽粒产量进行了研究。结果表明,残茬覆盖和深松耕作玉米播种后出苗率高,次生根条数多,株高增加而基部节间缩短,叶面积系数提高,最终产量显著高于其他处理。     

DF-2型水草卷绕机的研制与使用

介绍了ＤＦ－2型水草卷绕机的设计重点，及其主要结构、工作原理、保养要求和使用效果。     

9 kW双凸极永磁电机三相桥式变换器

9kW双凸极永磁电机功率控制器的主电路采用三相桥式变换器。与一般的三相桥式变换器相比，本文的三相桥式变换器因受到电机反电势、霍尔传感器位置信号及特定开关工作方式等因素的影响，工作情况复杂，工作原理也有较大差异。文中阐述了基于理想工作情况下的双凸极永磁电机三相桥式功率变换器的工作原理，给出了在电机反电势不对称、霍尔传感器位置信号不准确以及输入电压变化等情况下功率变换器的工作情况，实验证明了该变换器分析的正确性。     

Relationship between soil structure and runoff/soil loss after 24 years of conservation tillage

A better understanding of tillage and stubble management effects on surface soil structure is vital for the development of effective soil conservation practices for the long-term. Relationships between aspects of soil structure and runoff/soil loss were investigated in 24 year old field experiment on an Oxic Paleustalf, in NSW, Australia. Two tillage/stubble management systems were compared, namely direct drilled/stubble retained (DD/SR) versus conventional tillage/stubble burnt (CC/SB). Tillage and stubble burning significantly increased bulk density and decreased the macro-aggregate stability, mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and total porosity, particularly macroporosity (>60 μm). For the 0–5 cm layer, DD/SR had significantly higher water stability of macro-aggregates >2 mm than CC/SB (165 g/kg versus 78 g/kg), and the volume of pore space of diameter >60 μm at 0–5 cm depth was significantly greater (more than 11%) for DD/SR than for CC/SB. Under simulated rainfall (100 mm/h) and the removal of surface stubble, both runoff and soil loss were significantly higher under CC/SB compared to DD/SR. The infiltration rate at the end of the experiment under DD/SR was 3.7 times that of CC/SB (85 mm/h versus 23 mm/h). There were significant correlations between the proportion of soil particles >0.25 mm measured after wetting by rain and both final infiltration rate (P < 0.001) and soil loss (P < 0.001). It was concluded that 24 years of direct drilling and stubble retained practices significantly reduced runoff and soil erosion hazards, due to a fundamental change in soil structure, viz. higher soil aggregate stability and higher macroporosity of the surface soil.     

浅谈高层建筑防、排烟设计中几个常见问题

本文通过对高层民用建筑防、排烟设计中一些问题的分析，提出了作者的看法以及采取的具体措施。     

残茬覆盖与耕作方式对夏玉米光合产物生产与分配的影响

通过大田试验,对小麦机械收获后残茬覆盖与不覆盖2种条件下,免耕、翻耕和间隔深松3种土壤耕作方式夏玉米光合产物的生产、积累和分配特性进行了研究,结果表明：残茬覆盖比不覆盖全生育期平均叶面积系数增加7．02％,总光合势增加7．07％,全生育期平均净同化率增加2．97％,单株干物质积累量增加9．36％,经济系数增加1．57％,最终单位面积子粒产量增加10．4％,达极显著水平。深松分别比翻耕和免耕全生育期平均面积系数高3．43％和5．70％,总光合势高2．73％和5．66％,单株干物质积累量高2．94％和6．74％,经济系数高0．90％和1．53％,最终子粒产量增加3．92％和5．95％,差异极显著。覆盖加深松产量比不覆盖免耕高15．9％。     

竹缠绕复合管环刚度测试试验

测试了竹缠绕复合管母管的环刚度值,与母管承插连接后的环刚度值,以及母管与束节连接后的环刚度值。结果表明：DN 600管承插连接后的环刚度值为承口和插口环刚度值之和的97.3%;DN 600和DN 1 000管束节连接后环刚度值分别为束节和母管环刚度值之和的116%和107%。试验结果可为优化竹缠绕复合管的连接结构提供参考。     

Type and time of autumn tillage with and without herbicides at reduced rates in southern Sweden: 2. Weed flora and diversity

The design of integrated weed management (IWM) systems is essential in order to reduce the use of herbicides for crop production. By combining different weed management practices, herbicides may be used at lower doses than normally recommended, while still maintaining acceptable weed population levels. The purpose of this study was to develop tillage strategies, with and without herbicides at reduced rates, appropriate for different weed populations. The influences of type and time of stubble cultivation, harrowing and mouldboard ploughing on the weed flora were followed during 1988–1994 in eight long-term field trials situated in southern Sweden. Spring-sown barley (Hordeum distichon L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) dominated the crop rotations. Herbicides were either omitted or used at ca. 50% of a full dose. The perennial species Sonchus arvensis L. was favoured by omittance of ploughing but was better controlled by late ploughing not preceded by stubble cultivation; the reduction in the latter treatment being 74%. Stubble cultivation succeeded by ploughing reduced biomass of Elymus repens (L.) Gould. by 90% compared with ploughing solely. Early ploughing reduced the biomass of the species by 50% compared with late ploughing. The species Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. was highly favoured by early ploughing followed by late autumn harrowing, the biomass of the species being six-fold higher than in other treatments. Compared with other treatments, stubble cultivation favoured four annuals but efficiently controlled three others, while omittance of ploughing favoured six annual and two perennial weed species. Late ploughing not preceded by stubble cultivation favoured four annual and one perennial species, while early ploughing was more efficient than late ploughing in controlling two of the annual species. Influences of treatments on weed species were frequently moderated by interspecific competition resulting in inconsistent response at different sites. Herbicides reduced the number of species by three, from 11 to eight species, averaged across sites and tillage systems. Influences of treatments on diversity were not consistent, since weed floras differed between sites and since some of the species responded inconsistently to tillage and herbicides. This study shows that by utilizing appropriate tillage strategies it is possible at many sites to maintain acceptable weed population levels, although herbicides are used at 50% lower doses than is normally recommended. The timing and type of tillage have to be chosen for being as efficient as possible to the most troublesome weed species at a site.     

Light grazing of crop residues by sheep in a Mediterranean-type environment has little impact on following no-tillage crops

Crop residue is often grazed by sheep after harvest, over the dry summer period from December to March in Mediterranean environments. However, soil cover provided by crop residues is a key component of conservation agriculture for maintaining favourable soil structure and high yields.A series of 31 site × year experiments was conducted to assess the effect of summer stubble grazing on residue levels and following crop yields. Relatively light grazing, with stocking rates below 10 dry sheep equivalent (DSE) and between 90 and 471 DSE days ha⁻¹, had no significant effect on the amount of residue, soil properties, soil water, weeds or yield in the following crop. The main effect of grazing was to knock down and scatter the standing crop residues. However, longer term grazing at relatively high intensity (956 DSE days ha⁻¹) on heavy soil, over both summer and winter, as in a pasture phase, did significantly reduce residue levels, infiltration and yield (by 59%). The effect of summer grazing on soil mineral N was small and inconsistent, with increased mineral N, by about 3–7 kg N ha⁻¹, following grazing at two of the 13 sites. By contrast, higher mineral N, by 2–15 kg N ha⁻¹, was measured in the un-grazed plots at three of the 13 sites. This was due to increased growth of legume pastures in the absence of grazing.More research is needed to confirm the yield effects when cropping after an annual pasture/fallow that is grazed over summer and winter, particularly on different soil types.