Harmonic radar: efficacy at detecting and recovering insects on agricultural host plants

BACKGROUND: In pest management research, harmonic radar systems have been largely used to study insect movement across open or vegetation‐poor areas because the microwave signal is attenuated by the high water content of vegetation. This study evaluated whether the efficacy of this technology is sufficient to track insects in vegetative landscapes. RESULTS: Field efficacy data were collected using portable harmonic microwave radar and electronic dipole tags mounted on adults of three economically important pests: Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), Diabrotica virginifera virginifera (LeComte) and Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst. Detection and recovery of tagged Colorado potato beetles, plum curculios and western corn rootworms was high within and among potato plants, moderate within apple trees and high within, but not between, corn plants respectively. The efficacy of the radar depends on the ability of the operator to move around the host, scanning for a signal ‘sightline’ with the tagged insect among plant structures. CONCLUSION: The detection rate of tagged insects by harmonic radar systems is high enough to track the walking path of pests through low row crops such as potato, tall row crops such as corn or tall but well‐separated trees of orchard‐type crops by adapting the scanning procedure to the vegetative architecture. Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd     

从儒教祭祀乐章看古代诗歌的作用

自汉至清,历代封建王朝不仅继承了原始宗教教义,而且也继承了以诗事神的古老传统。他们信奉"感天地,动鬼神,莫近乎诗"的古训,坚持"放郑近雅",以《诗经》雅颂为典范,大力创制与使用儒教祭祀乐章,旨在借助诗歌"感鬼神而通教化"的作用,为国家统治服务。在儒者看来,诗歌的主要作用是祀奉神祗,教化民众。认为祭祀诗歌是中国古代最重要的诗歌,也是最有价值的文学作品。     

Skating on thin ice: Identifying the need for species‐specific data and defined migration ecology of Rajidae spp.

Skates (class Chondrichthyes; subclass Elasmobranchii; order Rajiformes; family Rajidae) comprise one quarter of extant chondrichthyans, yet have received little attention in the scientific literature likely due to their relatively low economic value and difficulties in species identification. The absence of species‐specific information on catch, life history and migration of skates has often precluded the development of single‐species stock assessments and led to the use of cursory multispecies assessments, which lack the ability to track species‐specific catch and abundance trends. This has resulted in undetected local extirpations, as has been previously reported for common (Dipturus batis, Rajidae), white (Rostroraja alba, Rajidae) and long‐nose (Dipturus oxyrhinchus, Rajidae) skates in the Irish Sea. Here, we (a) use case studies to illustrate how the perception of skate population structure and stock status has historically been masked through multispecies assessment and management practices, (b) review current information on the movement of skates and identify gaps in knowledge, and (c) identify biases associated with the use of various tagging technologies, which have confounded our understanding of movement and migration ecology of skates. Considering that over 40% of extant Rajidae species are listed as “Data Deficient” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, we illustrate a critical need to broaden the current understanding of skate life history, movement and migration ecology by providing recommendations on the further application of electronic tags and biogeochemical natural tags in movement studies and highlight the benefits that studies using these approaches have for novel management frameworks.     

含运动副间隙汽车摆振系统非线性动力学建模

机构运动副间隙对系统动力学响应有重要影响,有必要将转向机构运动副间隙引入汽车摆振系统动力学分析。基于非线性系统动力学,应用拉格朗日方程建立了考虑转向机构运动副间隙的六自由度摆振动力学模型。通过仿真分析讨论了车速对前轮摆振的影响,结果表明在特定车速范围内前轮会发生自激摆振,这与实际情况吻合,验证了模型的正确性。     

Movement and Distribution of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) Adults Under Different Temperature Differences in Different Lengths of Horizontal Grain Columns

Understanding insect movement and distribution is critical for developing an effective insect pest management protocol. Movement and distribution of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) in response to nominal temperature differences of 5, 10, 15, and 20°C in 1- and 2-m horizontal columns filled with 12.5% moisture content wheat were studied in 24, 48, and 72 h of movement times. In the wheat columns without temperature differences, adults had a diffusion distribution pattern caused by their random movement. Adults showed bias movement to the warmer grain in wheat columns with temperature differences and preferred the warmer grain regardless of the magnitude of temperature differences in less than 24 h. Their distribution did not have significant differences among different movement times in 1- or 2-m columns. About 40% of adults moved to the warmer wheat located at 0.4 to 0.5 m in the 1 m column but did not move to the warmer wheat located at 0.9 to 1 m in the 2-m column. Therefore, length of grain column influenced detection of warmer grain by insects. Adults under different temperatures had a similar response as that under linear temperature gradients.     

大麦黄矮病毒外壳蛋白基因和运动蛋白基因酵母表达载体的构建

根据已知的大麦黄矮病毒GPV株系的外壳蛋白（Coat Protein CP）和移动蛋白（Movement Protein MP）基因序列合成了CP、MP基因的上下游引物。通过PCR扩增获得含有目的基因的片段，经过SalⅠ和PstⅠ双酶切、连接、转化、重组质粒的酶切鉴定及基因测序，构建了酵母表达载体pGBKT7-GPV-CP和pGBKT7-GPV-MP，用于在酵母双杂交分析中表达诱饵融合蛋白，为进一步筛选小麦cDNA文库内与大麦黄矮病毒互作的寄主因子、克隆寄主因子、推测其种类和功能奠定了基础。     

几种语言的WH部分移位特征推导

德语、波兰语等语言wh成分部分移位问句发生wh特征移位,其带有i[Q]和u[wh]*特征的标句中心词C与带有i[wh]和u[Q]特征的wh成分进行多重一致关系特征核查使后者处于低于句首辖域位置的Spec CP位置。匈牙利语、阿尔巴尼亚语等语言wh成分部分移位问句进行焦点特征移位,其带有i[Q] 和u[Foc]*特征的焦点中心词F与带有i[Foc]和u[Q]特征的wh成分进行Foc特征一致关系核查并使后者前移置于CP之后的Spec FP位置。     

马铃薯X病毒运动蛋白基因的原核表达、抗血清制备及应用

构建马铃薯X病毒运动蛋白(P25)原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS中诱导表达融合蛋白,所表达的P25蛋白经SDS-PAGE电泳纯化后免疫小鼠,抗血清效价为1∶4000,抗血清与PVX有特异性反应(P/N>2),且具有较强的反应特异性,而与PVY、TMV均不发生反应.该方法制备的抗血清可用于ELISA检测PVX感病植株及Western blot检测转基因植株.     

枣树间接地下滴灌根区土壤盐分运移规律研究

通过小区试验研究了间接地下滴灌条件下密植枣树根区不同方向(水平及垂直方向)、不同土层盐分质量比的变化特征,及导水装置直径(50、75、90 mm)和灌水量(9、13、17 L/(棵·次))对枣树根区土壤盐分运移的影响。结果表明:经过一段时间后,垂直方向10~40 cm土层盐分质量比较低,0~10 cm土层盐分质量比最高;水平方向10~50 cm各土层盐分质量比随与出水口水平距离的增加而增大。在单次灌水后导水装置直径一定时各土层脱盐率随灌水量的增加而增大。当灌水量一定时,10~40 cm土层脱盐率随导水装置直径的增加呈减小的趋势,0~10 cm、40~50 cm脱盐率随导水装置直径增大呈低-高-低的趋势。在7—9月份,当导水装置直径为75 mm,灌水量为13、17 L/(棵·次)时,0~50 cm土层土壤平均盐分质量比均较低而且变化幅度较小。综合考虑节水、抑盐效果,确定导水装置直径为75 mm,灌水量为13 L/(棵·次)为适宜的间接地下滴灌灌溉模式。