Metal leaching and toxicity of denitrifying woodchip bioreactor outflow—Potential reuse application

The denitrifying woodchip bioreactor is designed to remediate nitrate-rich water, including those produced from aquaculture effluents. Reuse of treated bioreactor outflows in recirculating aquaculture would offer considerable water savings and valuable alkalinity recuperation. However, such bioreactors may leach detrimental wood-bound contaminants, preventing outflow reuse. To determine water reuse potential, woodchip media from two hardwood species (white ash, Fraxinus americana; Norway maple, Acer platanoides) were evaluated for 206 d under a range of operating conditions (start-up, steady-state, reducing conditions, and drying-rewetting cycles) for a spectrum of potentially harmful dissolved contaminants. Aerated outflows also were evaluated for acute and chronic toxicity to the biologically sensitive invertebrate Ceriodaphnia dubia. Dissolved metal leaching subsided within the first few weeks of operation, though initial concentrations of copper and zinc were detected at concentrations of concern. Elevated concentrations of tannins-lignin and total ammonia nitrogen were detected throughout the study and were influenced by operational phase. Acute toxicity was not generally detected, though chronic toxicity was observed during drying-rewetting cycles in the maple outflows. The measured toxicity was not correlated with water chemistry, indicating an additive effect of several toxicants. Overall, significant differences in outflow water quality between ash and maple wood species were negligible. Results indicated that bioreactor outflows may be applicable for aquacultural reuse, though reusing outflows immediately following start-up or restarting after a dry period would not be recommended.     

Reproduction in three species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) from rainforest streams in northern Queensland, Australia

Abstract – The reproductive biology of three species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) in northeastern Australian rainforest streams was investigated. Two species, Melanotaenia eachamensis and Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides are endemic to the area, whereas the third, M. splendida splendida, is more widespread. The species were all highly fecund, producing many hundreds of eggs between 1.10 and 1.24 mm in diameter. Melanotaenia eachamensis was the most fecund, produced the largest eggs of the three species, and consequently exhibited the greatest maternal investment (as measured by gonadosomatic index). The majority of reproductive effort occurred during the dry season, although reproductively active fish were present year-round for each of the species, but particularly so for M. s. splendida and C. rhombosomoides. No evidence for a role by temperature or photoperiod as environmental cues for reproduction was found, and it was suggested that gonad development was strongly tied to somatic growth. The concentration of reproduction to the dry season ensures that larvae are produced during a period of relatively stable and benign physical conditions. Comparison of temporal changes in gonadosomatic index values suggest that the spawning season of M. eachamensis , which occurs in high-elevation streams, is more restricted and commences about 1 month earlier than either other species. A similar phenology was observed for the M. s. splendida population found at high elevation and highlights the potential for spatial differences in stream productivity to influence life history. ^Note     

美国白蛾生物学特性的研究

通过对美国白蛾的生活史、生活习性,各龄幼虫的鉴别特征、卵的发育温度、各龄幼虫的耐饥力及蛹重与携卵量关系的观察研究,提出了蛹重与携卵量关系的直线回归模型: Y=-580.07+5704.28x.     

舍饲安哥拉周岁公羊行为习性观察

对 6只舍饲安哥拉周岁公羊进行连续三天昼夜行为习性观察 ,结果表明 :周岁安哥拉山羊在舍饲情况下每昼夜反刍时间 (min)为 45 7 2 5± 2 4 39,睡眠时间为 2 96 5 0± 41 5 0 ,采食时间为 2 65 0 0± 2 2 31,其他时间为 15 4 2 5± 72 76。反刍与采食的时间比为 1 7∶1,明显大于正常的反刍与采食比 (0 5～ 1)的上限。反刍、睡眠和采食也与其它山羊相差较大。周岁安哥拉山羊的反刍、睡眠多发生在夜间 ,采食活动及其它一些动作如打架、自淫多发生在白天。安哥拉山羊白天排粪、排尿次数多于黑夜 ,昼夜排粪次数差异极显著。安哥拉山羊对牧草及灌木有较强的选择性 ,对饮水的卫生要求极为严格 ,拒饮不干净的水     

褐飞虱在华中地区不同主栽水稻品种上的生活史和种群动态

为明确褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens对华中地区不同主栽水稻品种的适合度,利用两性生命表分析华中地区的5个主栽水稻品种C两优、岳优、深两优、华两优和红良优对褐飞虱生活史参数的影响,并模拟取食5个水稻品种后褐飞虱的种群动态。结果表明:不同水稻品种对褐飞虱的生长发育和繁殖存在显著影响,取食华两优和红良优的褐飞虱雌成虫寿命分别为10.73 d和11.43 d,显著短于取食C两优(14.71 d)、岳优(15.34 d)和深两优(14.52 d)时;取食红良优的褐飞虱雌成虫产卵量为108.30粒,较取食C两优(237.90粒)、岳优(218.40粒)和深两优(179.60粒)显著减少。褐飞虱取食红良优后,其种群净增殖率和世代周期均显著低于取食C两优和岳优时;而其种群内禀增长率和周限增长率均显著低于取食岳优时。表明华中地区5个主栽水稻品种中红良优可显著降低褐飞虱的繁殖力和种群参数,褐飞虱对红良优的适合度最低,可作为华中地区主栽水稻来防控褐飞虱。     

褐藻羊栖菜繁殖生物学特征和生活史流程的补充研究

以温州市洞头区人工养殖羊栖菜和野生羊栖菜为研究样本,详细描述了羊栖菜成熟孢子体有性生殖,假根与侧生枝无性生殖的繁殖生物学特征和生活史流程。详细记录了羊栖菜卵、精子和受精卵的减数分裂和有丝分裂过程,假根、茎(主茎和侧生茎)、叶(气囊)和生殖托(雌托和雄托)等4类器官生长、发育和分化过程,胚、幼孢子体和成熟孢子体形态结构特征。在此基础上对现有羊栖菜繁殖生物学特征及生活史流程进行了补充和修正,增加了羊栖菜侧生枝无性生殖和羊栖菜幼孢子体期有性生殖的相关内容,并重新绘制了羊栖菜生活史流程图。该研究结果将为开展羊栖菜养殖生态学研究,深层次解析羊栖菜生殖节律、种群繁衍与环境关系奠定基础。     

黄土高原健康生命研究

黄土高原,孕育了中华民族和延续五千年的灿烂文化。但随着历史车轮的向前辗转,黄土高原上出现了生态危机,并且越来越严重。本文运用生态伦理学的有关理论,根据黄土高原的基本特征和所面临的危机,提出了黄土高原健康生命的概念,以及建立黄土高原健康生命的目的,并尝试建立起黄土高原健康生命的指标体系。最后在此基础上探讨了维持黄土高原健康生命的途径。旨在通过此类研究唤起人们对黄土高原的重新认识,唤醒人类对黄土高原的尊重,我们要视黄土高原为一生命体,与之和谐相处,做到可持续发展。     

草地贪夜蛾对小麦和玉米的产卵选择性及其种群生命表

为明确草地贪夜蛾对小麦的产卵选择性及其是否对小麦安全生产构成威胁,本研究以玉米和小麦作为测试寄主,比较分析了草地贪夜蛾对两种作物不同部位的产卵选择性,并利用两性生命表方法研究了取食小麦、玉米对其生命参数的影响。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾更喜欢在玉米上产卵,其在玉米、小麦叶片、玉米和小麦茎秆上的产卵量存在显著差异(df=102,F=15.593,P<0.05),以玉米叶片背面卵块数量(7.11±1.55)块/笼最高;草地贪夜蛾取食小麦可以完成生活史,但幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率和世代存活率低于取食玉米。取食玉米的幼虫发育历期为(16.31±0.15)d,显著高于取食小麦的(14.66±0.12)d,蛹期、蛹重、产卵前期、成虫寿命和世代周期无显著差异。取食小麦羽化出的雌虫寿命、平均单雌产卵量显著高于取食玉米,分别为(16.39±0.40)d、(976.31±57.21)粒和(14.64±0.32)d、(831.57±30.55)粒。生命表参数显示取食玉米的净增殖率为363.14,显著高于小麦的258.63,但内禀增长率、周限增长率和平均世代周期无显著差异。研究结果为草地贪夜蛾在小麦上的预测预报和有效防控提供了基础数据。     

Characteristics and dynamics analysis of Populus euphratica populations in the middle reaches of Tarim River

Populus euphratica Oliv. is widely distributed along the Tarim River. Maintaining stability of P. euphratica population is important to local development. This study explored the static life table, survivorship curves and four function curves (survival rate, cumulative mortality rate, mortality density, and hazard rate), and development index of P. euphratica population in the middle reaches of Tarim River. The results indicated that the age structure of P. euphratica population belonged to positive pyramidal type, which meant young age-class individuals occupied most populations. The number ofⅠ-Ⅱage classes accounted for 66.2% of whole population, and this indicated that there were abundant subsequent seedlings resources to support the growth of P. euphratica population in the middle reaches of Tarim River. The survivorship curve of P. euphratica belonged to the Deevey Ⅲ (concave-type) and the development index was 47.72%. Four function curves revealed that the individuals of P. euphratica sharply decreased at the initial stage and then leveled off at the late stage of survival curve. Time sequence prediction models predicted that the number of midlife individuals would increase in future 10, 20, 30 years, and P. euphratica population grew steadily as a result of rich saplings.