振动深松鼠道犁的试验分析

石河子及周围垦区的土壤粘重且呈盐碱性,由于犁底层的存在,土质很难得到改善。而深松作业则是打破犁底层的主要农业技术措施之一。为此,论述了IZSS-600-3型振动深松鼠道犁的构造和工作原理,分析了试验因素对试验指标的影响,为机具今后在农业生产中的应用和推广提供了依据和参考。     

艺术设计中“图”与“底”的关系

人们关注的中心为“图”,背景的部分为“底”,“图形”与“基底”的关系指一个封闭的式样与另一个和它同质的非封闭的背景之间的关系。图底关系理论在城市建筑设计中大有可为。     

Selecting Bid with Reasonably Low Price Without Bottom Price Based On Sector Estimate

For raveling out the main shortage of tendering which is the reasonable sector is unreasonable of making the bid evaluation uncertain. In order to eliminate subjective factor, this paper quantificationally analyses the price in bidding and establishes the sector selecting bid model based on the sector estimate idea, which tries to provide a new method and academic basic for determining the reasonable sector. Finally, the article gives an example to prove that the model is feasible and effective and it tries to ensure the bidding assessment public, equitable and just.     

基于MDT的双翼翻土防漏耕犁的犁体曲面展开

介绍一种基于MDT的犁壁曲面双样板曲线近似展开法，在MDT平台上直接用直线投影法求样板曲线，并直接将正视图投影到三维犁曲面上求各元线实长，减少了计算工作量，具有快捷方便的优点，该方法已用于双翼翻土防漏耕犁的设计，效果良好。     

1LFT-555型液压翻转栅条犁的设计与试验

针对当前农业生产需求及147kW以上拖拉机配套液压翻转犁依赖进口的现状,研制了1LFT-555型液压翻转栅条犁。该机翻转可靠性高,操作简单,主犁体采用栅条式结构,翻垡覆盖效果好,耕作阻力小。田间试验结果表明:该机和不同功率及多种轮距的拖拉机配套使用,作业速度可达10.8km/h,犁耕作业效果好,在棉花地和水稻地的耕深稳定性系数及耕宽稳定性系数均达到了95%以上,在棉花地的碎土率也达到了90%以上。该机各项性能指标达到国家有关标准的要求,为147kW以上拖拉机提供了配套犁耕机具。     

Nutrient leaching from the plow layer by water percolation and accumulation in the subsoil in an irrigated paddy field

To estimate the impact of water percolation on the nutrient status in paddy fields, the seasonal variations of the concentrations of cations, anions, inorganic carbon (IC), and of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in percolating water that was collected from just below the plow layer (PW-13) and from drainage pipes at the 40 em depth (PW-40), as well as in irrigation water were measured in an irrigated paddy field. Total amounts of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn leached from PW-13 during the period of rice cultivation were estimated to range from about 390 to 770, 65 to 130, 33 to 66, 340 to 680, and 44 to 87 kg ha^-1, respectively. Amounts of losses that were estimated from the differences between the input by irrigation water and the output by percolation water from the plow layer corresponded to 11 to 26, 22 to 47,5.9 to 12, and 13 to 26% of exchangeable Ca and Mg, amorphous Fe, and easily reducible Mn in the plow layer, respectively. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn in PW13 were higher than those in PW-40. The amounts of these nutrients that were retained in the subsoil between the 13 em and 40 em soil depth corresponded to 83, 86, 61, 99, and 89% of the amounts that percolated from the plow layer, respectively. Total amounts of IC and DOC that percolated from the plow layer ranged from 750 to 1,500 and 85 to 170 kg-C ha^-1, which corresponded to 5.0 to 10.0% and 0.6 to 1.1% of the total carbon content in the plow layer, respectively. Eighty eight % of IC in the percolating water from the plow layer was also retained in the subsoil.     

心土培肥犁改良瘠薄土壤的效果

研究根据心土培肥的改土技术要求研制出心土培肥犁,并分别在瘠薄黑土和碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上开展大面积机械改土试验,明确自主研发的心土培肥犁改土后对土壤理化性质影响及对作物产量的效果,为其广泛应用到低产土壤改良提供机械及技术支持。试验设深松、心土培肥和常规对照耕作,采用大田对比方法。研究结果表明:心土培肥和深松在不同类型土壤上对土壤理、化性质,对作物产量及产量性状影响后效不完全一致;心土培肥降低土壤抗剪强度后效明显,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土10~30 cm土层土壤抗剪强度比对照降低6.65~12.16 k Pa,黑土比对照降低8.20~11.31 k Pa,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土改土后效果明显,黑土改土后效长,心土培肥改土效果优于深松;土壤容质量和硬度趋势同上;心土培肥提高土壤透气系数为2.78~14.28倍,饱和导水率为2.38~11.62倍;深松和心土培肥可提高下层土水分消耗比例,30~60 cm土层耗水量为心土培肥区深松区对照区,心土培肥耗水量比照高10%;心土培肥处理可提高土壤磷含量和供磷强度,20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤供磷强度比对照分别提高4.19~5.17倍和4.96~17倍,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土高于黑土;心土培肥可提高玉米产量,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上心土培肥增产幅度为6.82%~18.01%,黑土增产幅度为6.45%~11.18%,平均增产效果碳酸盐草甸黑钙土薄层黑土,但黑土持续增产效果好。     

弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽水位流量关系数值模拟

目前为适应我国多数渠道断面方式和灌区管理方式,开发研制新型量水配套设施对灌区节水起着至关重要的作用。利用Fluent 6.3大型流体力学数值仿真软件,结合有限体积法、RNG k-ε湍流模型和VOF模型,在不同渠道底坡上对不同量水槽水位流量进行数值模拟试验研究。结果表明:（1）量水槽流态上游水面平稳属于缓流,量水槽槽内水流为急流,可知由缓流过度到急流必然会发生临界流,量水槽沿程弗劳德数可知量水槽喉口附近扩散段内产生临界流;（2）弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽具有较好的水位流量关系,渠道收缩比ε与渠道比降i对形成单值稳定的水位流量关系有较大的影响,随着渠道尺寸增大同时收缩比ε减小,量水槽水位流量逐渐在较大的底坡范围内形成统一的水位流量关系。（3）流量系数与量水槽宽和收缩比具有较好的线性关系,同时流量系数随R,H、ε的增大而变大,回归分析建立的量水槽流量公式,测流公式平均误差值小于5%,说明弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽测流是可行的,满足明渠测流要求。研究成果对灌区渠道量水槽的设计优化提供了一定的参考和建议。     

双向犁翻转机构的分析与优化

以1LF435A型翻转式双向犁为例,建立了立式油缸翻转机构的数学模型,并进行运动分析和受力分析,运用提出的6步翻转理论对其翻转过程进行了分析与计算机仿真。在6步翻转理论的基础上,以成功越中时液压油量的需求最小为目标函数,对翻转机构进行了优化设计。