玉米自交系耐荫性鉴定与评价

以41个玉米自交系为材料,采用大田试验方法,在植株形态建成期设置15%遮荫和不遮荫两种处理方式,研究不同处理下玉米自交系植株形态、物质生产、产量等11个指标以及各指标耐荫系数的变化,并对自交系的耐荫性进行评价。结果表明,遮荫不仅会增加玉米自交系的株高和穗位高,延缓生育进程,而且会降低植株叶面积指数及叶绿素含量,最终影响玉米物质积累及产量的提升。进一步对各指标的耐荫性进行数学统计分析,表明茎干物质、叶面积指数和产量的耐荫系数可作为评价玉米自交系耐荫性指标。筛选出M173、豫82、DH382、618B、P6874、昌7-2、8612A、M753、ZY608、豫1122、PH6WC和M109高度耐荫型玉米自交系;ZY602、ZY606、658、HT60、ZY601、C70、外引-2、四-144、KW7M14、NS501和PH4CV是弱光敏感型玉米自交系。     

Differential responses of Bolivian timber species to prescribed fire and other gap treatments

We followed the establishment and growth response of 13 commercial tree species to canopy opening, above-ground biomass removal, and experimental burns of low and high intensities in a lowland dry forest in Bolivia. Three patterns of response to treatments were observed among the most abundant commercial tree species. (1) Shade-intolerant species regenerated mostly from seed and had the highest survival and growth rates following high-intensity burns. (2) Shade-tolerant species were abundant in gap control and plant removal treatments. Treatments had little effect on the height growth of these species. (3) Individuals of root sprouting species were most abundant following plant removal and low-intensity burn treatments. Treatments had little effect on the height growth of these species. The wide variation in species responses to gap treatments found in this study not only reinforces the concept that species are distributed along a continuum of shade-tolerance levels, but that other aspects of species biology, such as seed dispersal type or sprouting behavior, further differentiate regeneration strategies. The variety of regeneration strategies found among the species at this forest site will require a flexible management scheme that mixes more intensive silvicultural treatments such as prescribed burning with less intensive treatments.     

日本矮生沿阶草在长江中下游地区的引种适应性研究

日本矮生沿阶草(Ophiopogon japonicus(L.f.)Ker.-Gawler)是一种喜湿、耐荫、耐寒的地被植物, 具有耐贫瘠、适应性广、抗逆性强等特点,在园林绿化上有着广阔的应用前景。通过在长江中下游地区连续3年的引种栽培试验,表明日本矮生沿阶草在该地区有较强的适应性,本文还对其快速繁育技术进行了阐述。     

Spatial dispersion of trees in an old-growth temperate hardwood forest over 60 years of succession

An analysis of spatial dispersion was conducted for individual tree species in the old-growth forest at the Davis-Purdue Research Forest in Indiana. This 20.6 ha stand has been left largely undisturbed by exogenous factors since its acquisition by Purdue in 1917. It is the only long-term study plot of its size for a temperate hardwood forest with x–y coordinates (rectangular plot) for all species above 10 cm diameter. Full censuses have been conducted spanning 60 years (1926, 1976 and 1986).

Ripley’s L(t) function revealed that most species are characterized by some form of aggregation, agreeing with a prior evaluation from 1981. Heterogeneity of spatial structure was evident between two large plots, indicating that differences in site quality and history had influenced spatial structure. Shade-intolerant species were numerically dominant and spatially aggregated in 1926 but have declined over the 60-year interval and become more random in spatial dispersion. Shade-tolerant species have increased in number and become more aggregated over time, or they exhibit little change in spatial structure. Examples of the latter include Acer saccharum and Ulmus americana, species that experienced explosive population growth. These contrasting patterns are masked by stand-level patterns that show a trend toward uniformity over the same time frame.

These data reveal that changes in dispersion accompany the demographic failure experienced by numerous tree species in Central Hardwood old-growth stands, and these changes may feed back into a negative population cycle and further impede regeneration. The simultaneous manipulation of dispersion and density should be considered as a tool for influencing forest succession and promoting regeneration of desired tree species.     

涝峪苔草叶绿素含量与耐阴性研究

为了探索不同光照条件下的涝峪苔草叶绿素含量与耐阴性的关系,通过对涝峪苔草及对照草地早熟禾在全光照及郁闭度为0.5、0.7、0.9林下的叶绿素含量、生长指标(叶片长度、叶片中部宽度、分蘖株数)进行研究。表明:在遮阴条件下,涝峪苔草及对照草地早熟禾叶绿素a、b含量及总叶绿素含量都比全光照条件下为大,但叶绿素a、b、a/b及总叶绿素含量增加快于对照草地早熟禾。叶色方面,遮阴后涝峪苔草叶色深绿,对照草地早熟禾为绿色。生长方面,在遮阴条件下涝峪苔草比对照草地早熟禾生长健壮,没有死亡现象。涝峪苔草能够在郁闭度为0.7￣0.9的强遮阴条件下正常生长,是中国北方地区园林绿化中良好的野生耐阴植物之一。     

耐荫地被植物山麦冬光合特性研究

用Li-6400便携式光合分析仪测定了耐荫地被植物山麦冬(Liriope spicata (Thunb.) Lour.)的光合生理特性。结果表明:山麦冬光合日进程有光合午休现象,最大净光合速率为10.2μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,光饱和点为648μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光补偿点为3.2μmol·m^-2·s^-1,表观量子效率为0.1389,CO₂饱和点为1868μmol·mol^-1,补偿点为61μmol·mol^-1,最大蒸腾速率为2.2 mmol H₂O·m^-2·s^-1,最大气孔导度为0.100 mmol·m^-2·s^-1。因此认为山麦冬是具有耐荫和抗旱节水特性的优良地被植物。     

不同光强对4种草坪草类胡萝卜素的影响

为明确不同光照强度对不同遗传背景的草种体内的色素比值的影响,设33%,66%,100%正常光强3个光强梯度处理沿阶草(Othiopogon japanicus)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Shreb.cv.ruby)、崂峪苔草(Carex giraldiana)和紫羊茅(Festuca vubra L.cv.boreal)草坪草,采用高效液相色谱仪和Waters Spherisorb ODS-2 columns封口色谱柱,测定各草种色素的相对含量,并比较叶绿素a/b(Chla/Chlb)、黄体素/叶黄素库(L/V)、α-胡萝卜素及其衍生物/β-胡萝卜素及其衍生物(αC/βC)和类胡萝卜素/叶绿素(Car/Chl)。结果表明:随着光照强度的减弱,4种植物体内的Chla/Chlb比值在逐渐减少,αC/βC比值反而增加,Chla/Chlb,L/V,Car/Chl在4草种间差异不显著,αC/βC比值在不同遮荫强度下各草种间差异显著(P<0.05),沿阶草的比值最低,紫羊茅的最高,因此可将α-胡萝卜素及其衍生物/β-胡萝卜素及其衍生物的比值作为植物耐荫性的指标。     

Regeneration niches and functional traits of three common species in subtropical dune forest

South African coastal dune forests are young, highly disturbed subtropical communities where conventional models of forest dynamics may be challenged. We tested predictions from the gap-phase regeneration model by comparing seedlings of three common species representing contrasting regeneration strategies: Acacia karroo as a ruderal, Celtis africana as a coloniser of forest gaps, and Diospyros natalensis as a late-successional species. We grew seedlings under contrasting light and nitrogen levels in a greenhouse and in the field for 1 year to compare their growth and survival rates, allocation and photosynthetic traits. Species’ growth rates generally followed the expected order: Acacia > Celtis > Diospyros, but Acacia responded strongly to light and Celtis responded strongly to nitrogen, leading to cross-overs in growth rates. The plasticity of allocation and photosynthesis did not clearly differentiate the strategies, although it was greater in the light-demanding species. Acacia and Celtis tended to survive better in Acacia stands than in forest plots. Leaf-level light compensation points (LCPs) were similar for the three species in most conditions, but auxiliary data suggest Diospyros has a lower whole-plant LCP than Acacia. Growth rates and LCPs were lower than most of those reported for primary-forest species in the literature, suggesting an unusual degree of shade-tolerance in this habitat. We discuss reasons why variation in shade-tolerance may be less important here than in the prevailing model for forest regeneration and suggest other biotic factors that may help differentiate regeneration niches.     

红雉凤仙花形态与光合特性对光强的响应及其耐阴性评价

评价野生花卉植物的耐阴性并揭示其耐阴机制,有助于该类植物有效的引种栽培和合理的开发利用。采用遮阳网对峨眉山野生观赏花卉红雉凤仙花(Impatiens oxyanthera)进行遮荫处理,相对光强为(26.242±1.029)%,以全光照作为对照,遮荫约4个月后,测定植株形态和气体交换特征,并计算光响应参数。结果表明:遮荫促进红雉凤仙花生长,所测定的形态指标(株高、基径、分枝数、冠幅、单叶面积、叶长和叶宽)均显著增加。与全光照条件下相比,遮荫使红雉凤仙花的蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)显著下降,进而导致净光合速率(P_n)显著降低,但对胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、水分利用效率(WUE)和气孔限制值(L_s)影响不显著。同时,遮荫使红雉凤仙花的表观量子效率(AQY)显著增大69.841%。主成分分析以及隶属函数法综合评价表明,该植物耐阴综合平均值为0.407。红雉凤仙花通过增加单叶面积,以弥补遮荫引起的净光合速率降低,增大表观量子效率,提高对弱光的利用能力,以促进其生长,较强的耐阴性使得该植物在园林植物造景和建筑物遮荫区绿化中具有重要的应用价值。     

涝峪苔草叶绿素含量与耐阴性研究

为了探索不同光照条件下的涝峪苔草叶绿素含量与耐阴性的关系,通过对涝峪苔草及对照草地早熟禾在全光照及郁闭度为0.5、0.7、0.9林下的叶绿素含量、生长指标(叶片长度、叶片中部宽度、分蘖株数)进行研究。表明:在遮阴条件下,涝峪苔草及对照草地早熟禾叶绿素a、b含量及总叶绿素含量都比全光照条件下为大,但叶绿素a、b、a/b及总叶绿素含量增加快于对照草地早熟禾。叶色方面,遮阴后涝峪苔草叶色深绿,对照草地早熟禾为绿色。生长方面,在遮阴条件下涝峪苔草比对照草地早熟禾生长健壮,没有死亡现象。涝峪苔草能够在郁闭度为0.7￣0.9的强遮阴条件下正常生长,是中国北方地区园林绿化中良好的野生耐阴植物之一。