双流县不同地形条件下Cu、Zn的空间变异特征

以双流县耕地为例,通过常规统计分析、正态分布检验,并且利用国家土壤环境质量标准对不同地形条件下耕地土壤重金属Cu、Zn的污染状况进行评价.结果表明,在不同地形条件下耕地土壤2种元素含量均值未超过土壤环境质量二级标准（GB156182-1995）,土壤Cu、Zn含量服从正态分布;以半变异函数为主要工具,通过GS＋软件对Cu、Zn拟合得到Cu与Zn的半方差函数模型,且在一定范围内存在空间相关性;采用Kriging内插法对未测点重金属进行最优估计,所绘制的Kriging插值图能较好地反映该区耕地土壤重金属Cu和Zn的空间变异特征.     

A semi-variogram approach for estimating stems per hectare in Eucalyptus grandis plantations using discrete-return lidar height data

Estimating stems per hectare (SPHA) for a given forest area from high spatial resolution remotely sensed data usually follows the identification of individual trees. A common method of tree identification is through local maxima filtering, which in the context of a lidar canopy height model (CHM), seeks to locate the highest value within a specified neighbourhood of pixels. Hence, specifying an appropriate window size is a critical consideration. This study investigated the potential of the semi-variogram range towards defining an average window size for a given plot within Eucalyptus species plantations. The analysis also included comparisons of CHMs with three pixel sizes (spatial resolutions) (0.2 m, 0.5 m, and 1 m) at lidar point density of 5 points/m² and three lidar point densities (1 point/m², 3 points/m², and 5 points/m²). These variations were introduced to study the effect of interpolated height surface resolution and lidar point density, respectively, on the identification of trees. Semi-variogram analysis yielded range values that varied distinctly with spatial resolution and point density. Computation of SPHA based on the semi-variogram range values resulted in overall accuracies of 73%, 56%, and 41% for 0.2 m, 0.5 m, and 1 m resolutions, respectively. A comparative approach, that defines window size based on pre-determined tree spacing, yielded corresponding accuracies of 82%, 82%, and 68% at the respective CHM resolutions. Point density comparisons based on interpolated CHM of 0.2 m resolution and the semi-variogram approach resulted in similar results between 5 points/m² (73%) and 3 points/m² (70%), whereas 1 point/m² returned the lowest accuracy (56%). Similar trends with superior accuracies were observed using the pre-determined tree spacing approach from the same resolution CHM: 82% (5 points/m²), 80% (3 points/m²), and 74% (1 point/m²). While all estimates were negatively biased, the CHM with a 0.2 m spatial resolution at a point density of 3 points/m² resulted in a reasonable level of accuracy, negating the need for high density (>3 points/m²) lidar surveys for this purpose. It was concluded that the semi-variogram approach showed promise for estimation of SPHA, particularly due to its independence from a priori knowledge regarding the tree stocking of the plantation.     

地统计学及其在土壤生态学研究中的应用与进展

首先介绍了地统计学与采样点布设和异常值处理之间的关系,论述了空间自相关分析、半变异函数等探索性分析工具的特点,回顾了国内外相关研究的发展情况;着眼于土壤空间异质性的尺度效应,评述了地统计方法在尺度效应研究中的应用优势;最后讨论了土壤空间异质性的生态学意义以及地统计学对土壤生态过程和格局的探索作用,并探讨了地统计学最新的发展趋势及其存在的问题。     

土壤水分变异规律的研究——Ⅰ.土壤水分空间变异的研究

应用经典统计分析方法及地统计学方法对陇东旱塬厚覆盖黑垆土m:5×5,m:1×1网格的36个测点0～90cm(分9层)土壤水分的空间变异进行了研究.结果表明:(1)0～10,10～20及20～30cm各独立层土壤水分服从对数正态分布,其余各独立层及累积层(0～30,30～90,0～90cm)均服从于正态分布;(2)土壤水分空间变异具有结构性,可以用线性模型γ(h)=29.6762+3.6188h拟合半方差图;(3)在研究范围内取一个样点测定土壤水分含量即能达到一般精度要求;(4)点状Kringing法应用于土壤水分空间变异的研究,具有估测精度高、误差小的特点.     

鄂西北耕层土壤全氮含量空间分异特征及其影响因素分析

旨在分析鄂西北耕地表层土壤全氮含量的空间变异特征及其影响因素。采用地统计学、逐步回归方法和GIS技术。研究结果表明：（1）十堰市耕层土壤的全氮平均含量为1.12 g/kg,耕层土壤全氮含量较高,701个土壤样点全氮含量变异系数为0.49,属于中等变异程度。（2）土壤全氮的空间变异最佳模型为高斯模型,块金效应值为48.09%,全氮具有较强的空间变异性特征,且受随机性因素和结构性因素的共用影响。（3）十堰市耕层土壤全氮含量在空间分布上具有明显的差异,全氮含量高的方向为南、西、西南和东南,全氮含量低的方向为东、东北和西北,全氮含量在南北方向的变异性最明显,差别较大。（4）全氮与有机质、海拔、有效土层厚度有正相关关系,与土壤pH有负相关关系。在黏土、棕壤、水田、河湖冲积物、第四纪老冲积物、一年一熟、种植水稻的土壤中全氮含量较多,在砂壤、紫色土、紫色岩类风化物和种植水果、小麦、喷灌方式下的耕地的全氮含量较少。（5）10种因素对全氮的影响程度排序为土壤环境>成土母质>熟制>生物多样性>农作物种类>耕层质地>土类>地形>耕地利用方式>灌溉方式,其中前5个因素是影响全氮空间分异的主导因素。在今后的农业生产活动中,需要在河谷和山谷带、一年二熟区、红砂岩类风化物和紫色岩类风化物带、有机质含量较少区可适当地增加氮肥的施用量,需保护生物多样性并重视人为因素对耕地质量的影响,采用农作物轮作等方式提高耕地质量和耕地生产能力。